Meaning Expression and Thought

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Dedication......Page 9
Contents......Page 11
Preface......Page 17
1.1 MEANING AS THE EXPRESSION OF THOUGHT......Page 21
1.2 THE GRICEAN PROGRAM......Page 27
1.3 SYSTEMATIZATION......Page 30
1.4 ANALYSES......Page 32
Part One Semantic Acts and Intentions......Page 37
2.1 SPEAKER, WORD, AND EVIDENTIAL SENSES......Page 39
Indication......Page 44
2.2 COGITATIVE VERSUS COGNITIVE SPEAKER MEANING......Page 45
2.3 MEANING, IMPLICATION, AND EXPRESSION......Page 49
2.4 COGITATIVE SPEAKER MEANING (EXCLUSIVE)......Page 51
2.5 NONIDEATIONAL MEANING......Page 60
2.6 THE SENSES OF MEANING......Page 62
3.1 SPEAKER, WORD, AND EVIDENTIAL SENSES......Page 63
3.2 INDICATION......Page 64
3.3 INTENTION......Page 67
3.4 SIMULATION......Page 74
3.5 OCCURRENCE......Page 76
3.6 GENERAL DEFINITION......Page 78
4 Alternative Analyses......Page 83
4.1 PRODUCTION OF BELIEF......Page 84
4.2 RECOGNITION OF INTENTION......Page 90
4.3 HIGHER-ORDER INTENTIONS......Page 91
4.4 COMMITMENT AND TRUTH CONDITIONS......Page 95
4.5 COGITATIVE SPEAKER MEANING......Page 99
5 Communication......Page 105
5.1 THE GRICEAN ANALYSIS......Page 106
5.2 COMMUNICATING WITH......Page 108
5.3 TELLING AND INFORMING......Page 112
5.4 COMMUNICATING TO......Page 113
5.5 THE TRANSMISSION MODEL......Page 116
6 Reference......Page 120
6.1 SPEAKER REFERENCE......Page 121
6.2 THE OPAQUE-TRANSPARENT DISTINCTION......Page 124
6.3 INTENTIONALITY......Page 136
6.4 QUANTIFYING IN......Page 138
Part Two Languages and Semantic Acts......Page 143
7 Languages......Page 145
7.1 LANGUAGE MODELS......Page 146
7.2 SYSTEMS OF MODES OF EXPRESSION......Page 149
7.3 WORD MEANING AND EXPRESSION......Page 151
7.4 LINGUISTIC VARIATION......Page 154
7.5 LANGUAGE RULES......Page 157
7.6 RULES FOR IDEO-REFLEXIVE REFERENCE......Page 161
7.7 WORD REFERENCE......Page 171
7.8 USING A LANGUAGE......Page 172
7.9 APPLIED WORD MEANING......Page 178
8 Basic Word Meaning......Page 182
8.1 ASSOCIATIONAL ANALYSES......Page 184
8.2 THE GRICEAN ANALYSIS......Page 186
8.3 THE TRUTH CONDITIONAL ANALYSIS......Page 190
8.4 THE SENTENTIAL PRIMACY THESIS......Page 194
Pro......Page 196
Con......Page 201
8.5 THE BASIC NEO-GRICEAN ANALYSIS......Page 209
8.6 THE USE/INTERPRETATION EQUIVALENCES......Page 218
8.7 THE EXPRESSION/COMMUNICATION EQUIVALENCE......Page 221
8.8 THE EXPRESSION/INDICATION EQUIVALENCE......Page 222
9.1 DEFINITION......Page 224
9.3 SELF-PERPETUATION......Page 227
9.4 ARBITRARINESS......Page 232
9.5 REGULARITY......Page 236
9.6 CORRECT USAGE......Page 239
9.7 LEWIS’S EQUILIBRIUM CONDITION......Page 245
9.8 MUTUAL KNOWLEDGE......Page 246
10 Compositional Word Meaning......Page 249
10.1 THE PRODUCTIVITY PROBLEM......Page 250
10.2 THE POTENTIAL MEANING ANALYSIS......Page 251
10.3 THE RECURSIVE NEO-GRICEAN ANALYSIS......Page 253
10.4 IMPLICATURE CONVENTIONS......Page 261
10.5 NONSPECIFIC CONVENTIONS......Page 264
10.6 OBJECTIONS TO COMPOSITIONALITY......Page 267
10.7 THE GRAMMATICALITY RESTRICTION......Page 277
10.8 ANOMALOUS SENTENCES......Page 280
11.1 LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY......Page 285
11.2 CONVENTION DEPENDENCE......Page 287
11.3 LINGUISTIC LINEAGES......Page 292
11.4 BOUNDARIES......Page 296
11.5 LANGUAGE DEATH......Page 300
11.6 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL LANGUAGES......Page 302
11.7 IDIOLECTS......Page 306
11.8 CONVENTIONS OF TRUTHFULNESS......Page 308
11.9 THE KINDS OF WORD MEANING......Page 312
Part Three Thoughts and Ideas......Page 313
12 Thought......Page 315
2.1 THE COGITATIVE SENSE OF THOUGHT......Page 316
12.2 BELIEF VERSUS OCCURRENT THOUGHT......Page 321
12.3 THINKING AS THE OCCURRENCE OF THOUGHTS......Page 332
12.4 THINKING OF OBJECTS......Page 337
12.5 OCCURRENT BELIEF......Page 341
12.6 THE FIRST LAW OF OCCURRENCE......Page 346
13 Sentences, Propositions, and Thoughts......Page 351
13.1 THOUGHTS VERSUS SENTENCES......Page 352
13.2 THINKING NOT A RELATION TO SENTENCES......Page 357
13.3 PROPOSITIONS AS THOUGHTS......Page 362
13.4 THE PROPOSITION THAT P......Page 365
13.5 SITUATIONS AND POSSIBLE WORLDS......Page 371
13.6 SEMANTIC THEOREMS AND THE MATES OBJECTION......Page 373
14 The Constituency Thesis......Page 388
14.1 IDEAS AS THOUGHT-PARTS......Page 389
14.2 THE CONSTITUENCY THESIS FOR THOUGHTS......Page 397
The Feature and Genus Theses......Page 399
The Correlation Thesis......Page 400
The Connectionist Thesis......Page 410
14.3 SUBPROPOSITIONAL CONSTITUENTS......Page 413
14.4 THE GENERAL CONSTITUENCY THESIS......Page 419
14.5 MEREOLOGICAL VERSUS LOGICAL CONTAINMENT......Page 424
15.1 FORMAL DEFINITION......Page 427
15.2 ATOMIC IDEAS......Page 433
15.3 THE CONCEPTION OF CONCEPTS......Page 436
15.4 CONTENT, OBJECT, AND REPRESENTATION......Page 439
15.5 EXTENSION OR REFERENCE......Page 442
15.6 THE CONTENT OF A THOUGHT......Page 445
16.1 POSSESSING CONCEPTS......Page 448
16.2 NOMINALIST THEORIES......Page 452
16.3 RECOGNITION THEORY......Page 453
16.4 INFORMATION SEMANTICS......Page 456
16.5 MEMORY AND KNOWLEDGE THEORIES......Page 458
16.6 INFERENTIALIST THEORIES......Page 461
16.7 UNDERSTANDING AND MASTERY......Page 462
17.1 ACQUISITION......Page 467
17.2 CONCEPT LEARNING AND INNATE IDEAS......Page 471
17.3 ABSTRACTION AS A BASIC PSYCHOPHYSICAL PROCESS......Page 475
18 The Association of Ideas......Page 481
18.1 ASSOCIATION......Page 482
18.2 ASSOCIATIONIST NETWORKS......Page 490
18.3 ASSOCIATION VERSUS CONSTITUENCY......Page 493
18.4 CONNECTIONIST MODELS......Page 496
19 Objects, Images, and Conceptions......Page 501
19.1 IDEAS VERSUS OBJECTS OF THOUGHT......Page 502
19.2 IDEAS VERSUS IMAGES......Page 508
19.3 THINKING VERSUS INNER SPEECH......Page 515
19.4 CONCEPTS VERSUS CONCEPTIONS......Page 520
Conceptions......Page 521
Differences......Page 523
Confusions......Page 529
19.5 PROTOTYPE STRUCTURES......Page 533
19.6 WHAT IS LEFT......Page 537
20 The Language of Thought Hypothesis......Page 539
20.1 NATURAL LANGUAGE THEORIES......Page 541
20.2 MENTAL LANGUAGE THEORIES......Page 544
20.3 HIDDEN LANGUAGE THEORIES......Page 553
20.4 UNINTERPRETED LANGUAGE THEORIES......Page 555
20.5 COMPUTATIONAL THEORIES: CONTENT......Page 562
20.6 COMPUTATIONAL THEORIES: PROCESS......Page 567
Part Four Ideational Theories of Meaning......Page 571
21 Objections to Ideational Theories......Page 573
21.1 THE NON-ENTITY OBJECTION......Page 575
21.2 THE NAMING OBJECTION......Page 582
21.3 THE SENSATIONIST OBJECTION......Page 587
21.4 THE PRIVACY OBJECTION......Page 591
21.5 THE SYNONYMY OBJECTION......Page 592
21.6 THE IDENTITY OBJECTION......Page 594
22 Priority Objections......Page 599
22.1 THE REFLECTION-OR-IGNORANCE OBJECTION......Page 600
22.2 THE REGRESS OBJECTION......Page 606
22.3 THE DEFINITIONAL CIRCULARITY OBJECTION......Page 608
22.4 THE METALINGUISTIC CIRCULARITY OBJECTION......Page 614
23.1 UNDEFINED TERMS......Page 619
23.2 DEFINING THOUGHT......Page 621
23.3 REFERENTIAL SEMANTICS......Page 626
References......Page 628
Index......Page 665