MDI and TDI: Safety, Health and the Environment. A Source Book and Practical Guide

MDI and TDI: Safety, Health and the Environment. A Source Book and Practical Guide......Page 3
Contents......Page 7
List of authors and affiliations......Page 11
A book of distinction......Page 17
Acknowledgements......Page 19
Exposure, hazard and risk......Page 21
Responsible Care®: a framework for industry action......Page 25
Reading......Page 30
1 MDI, TDI and the polyurethane industry......Page 31
Types of MDI......Page 33
Types of TDI......Page 35
Misapprehensions......Page 36
Polyurethanes made from MDI and TDI......Page 37
Reading......Page 43
Successful systems......Page 45
Safety systems for the handling of MDI and TDI......Page 46
Key Theme 1: Know your product......Page 49
Health......Page 51
Environment......Page 52
Duty of care......Page 53
Exposure: how can MDI or TDI enter the body?......Page 54
Medical symptoms......Page 55
Medical checks......Page 56
Key Theme 3: Neutralization, decontamination and disposal of wastes......Page 59
Routine cleaning of equipment and drums......Page 60
Neutralization after a spillage......Page 63
Neutralizer formulations......Page 66
Normal operations......Page 67
Emergency situations......Page 68
Selection of personal protective equipment......Page 69
Protective clothing......Page 70
Respiratory protection......Page 71
Key Theme 5: Monitoring exposure......Page 79
How should monitoring be carried out?......Page 80
When should monitoring be carried out?......Page 81
Accidents can happen......Page 82
Spillages......Page 83
Development of excess pressure inside containers......Page 88
Incidents involving fire......Page 90
Transport of MDI and TDI......Page 92
Transport regulations......Page 93
MDI and TDI: transport temperatures......Page 94
Typical containers for the transport of diisocyanates......Page 95
Accidents and emergencies......Page 105
The workplace: storage and use of MDI and TDI......Page 106
Designing the systems and minimizing the risks......Page 107
Physical and chemical properties relating to storage and processing......Page 113
Storage of MDI and TDI......Page 115
Safety issues in workplaces using MDI and TDI......Page 126
Safety issues in some important polyurethane processes......Page 137
Use of MDI and TDI in laboratories......Page 142
Visitors to the workplace......Page 143
Emergencies in the workplace......Page 144
Releases to atmosphere from polyurethane manufacturing sites......Page 146
Properties of MDI and TDI relevant to releases to atmosphere......Page 147
Releases from polyurethane processes......Page 148
Abatement of releases......Page 158
Reading......Page 168
3 Health......Page 175
First aid procedures......Page 176
Commentary on first aid procedures......Page 177
Human health: the medical background......Page 180
Effects on the skin......Page 183
Effects on the respiratory tract......Page 185
Other health effects of MDI and TDI......Page 205
Biomonitoring of MDI and TDI......Page 206
Experimental toxicology......Page 207
The interaction of MDI and TDI with biological systems......Page 208
Toxicology studies......Page 213
Appendices......Page 223
Reading......Page 237
A general approach to environmental risk assessment......Page 249
Sources of exposure......Page 253
Distribution and persistence......Page 257
Biodegradation......Page 276
Bioaccumulation......Page 277
Test procedures......Page 278
Aquatic ecotoxicity......Page 279
Terrestrial ecotoxicity......Page 284
Risk assessment......Page 285
Accidental release of MDI and TDI......Page 286
Normal usage......Page 288
Reading......Page 293
Manufacture of MDI......Page 297
Manufacture of TDI......Page 300
Modified MDI and TDI......Page 302
Reading......Page 304
Structures......Page 305
CAS Registry numbers and preferred names......Page 306
IUPAC names......Page 307
Convenient names for MDI and TDI......Page 308
Commercial product names......Page 309
5.3 Chemical reactions of MDI and TDI......Page 311
Reaction with –OH groups......Page 312
Reaction with –SH groups......Page 313
Reaction with biological molecules......Page 314
Self-reactions......Page 315
Catalysts......Page 318
Reading......Page 319
5.4 Physical and fire properties......Page 320
MDI......Page 321
TDI......Page 331
Reading......Page 340
Test methodology......Page 341
Fire tests on MDI and TDI......Page 343
Reading......Page 360
Occupational exposure limits......Page 363
Stack release limits and community limits......Page 371
Materials to be measured......Page 378
Airborne MDI and TDI species......Page 379
Choice of methods for the sampling and analysis of MDI and TDI in air......Page 381
Analysis of nonairborne MDI and TDI......Page 438
A critical review of exposure assessment techniques used in occupational health studies of MDI and TDI......Page 441
Reading......Page 443
Index......Page 451