Mauna Loa Revealed: Structure, Composition, History, and Hazards

Title Page......Page 6
Copyright......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
Acknowledgments......Page 12
Earliest Recorded Attempted Ascent......Page 13
The Ascent of Menzies......Page 14
The Ascent of Douglas......Page 16
The Eruption of 1843 and the Reverend Titus Coan......Page 17
The Eruption of 1852......Page 18
The Eruption of 1855-1856......Page 19
The Eruption of 1859......Page 20
The Eruptions in the 1870s......Page 21
The Eruptions of 1880-1881......Page 23
The Eruption of 1892......Page 24
The Eruption of 1907......Page 25
SYNOPSIS OF SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS......Page 26
REFERENCES......Page 27
INTRODUCTION......Page 32
Terrestrial lava......Page 33
Subaqueous lava......Page 38
Fragmental quenched lava......Page 41
Landslides......Page 43
ABYSSAL SEDIMENT......Page 49
STRUCTURE......Page 50
REFERENCES......Page 53
Declining Growth Of Mauna Loa During The Last 100,000 Years:Rates of Lava Accumulation vs. Gravitational Subsidence......Page 56
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 92
2. THE MAUNA LOA RADIOCARBON RECORD......Page 93
3. VALIDITY OF FLOW AGE VARIATIONS......Page 94
4. THE HOLOCENE RECORD......Page 99
5. REGIONAL RELATIONSHIPS......Page 101
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 102
APPENDIX A.......Page 103
REFERENCES......Page 104
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 106
2.2 Site Meteorology......Page 107
3.2 Variability in CO2 Concentration......Page 108
3.3 Calculation of J CO2......Page 110
3.5 Long-term A CO2 Record......Page 111
4.1 Measurement Methodology......Page 112
4.2 Nearby Aerosol Sources and Variability......Page 113
CN and Records......Page 114
5.2 Delta Analysis for Trace Species......Page 116
6.1 Short-term Variations in L1 CO2......Page 117
6.2 Pre-Eruption Trends in d CO2......Page 118
6.3 Mass Estimate of CO2  Emissions......Page 119
6.4 Gas Ratios in the Plume......Page 121
6.6 Relationship of Emissions to Summit Inflation......Page 122
7. CONCLUSIONS......Page 123
REFERENCES......Page 124
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 127
1.1. Climate......Page 128
1.6 Interactions......Page 129
3. ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION......Page 131
4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 133
REFERENCES......Page 134
INTRODUCTION......Page 137
Observations......Page 138
Model for Deformation from Reservoir Volume Change......Page 141
Model for Gravity Change from Reservoir Volume Change......Page 142
Determining Subsidence of ML8......Page 144
Inversion of Geodetic Data for Dike and Reservoir Parameters......Page 145
Adjustments to Gravity Data......Page 147
Elastic Properties of Edi Ice and Reservoir Content......Page 149
Comparison of Mass of Lava Erupted to Reservoir Supply......Page 150
NOTATION......Page 151
REFERENCES......Page 152
2.1. Introduction: Spectral basis for mapping from remote sensing data......Page 154
2.2. Visible to short wavelength infrared region......Page 155
2.3. Thermal infrared region......Page 156
3. MAPPING USING REMOTELY SENSED DATA......Page 160
4.2. Applications to Mauna Loa eruption plumes......Page 167
5. REMOTE SENSING OF TEMPERATURE......Page 168
6.1. Data coverage......Page 171
7. FUTURE REMOTE SENSING OF MAUNA LOA......Page 175
REFERENCES......Page 177
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 180
2. VALUE OF BOREHOLE STRAIN DATA FOR VOLCANIC STUDIES......Page 181
3. THE ERUPTION OF HEKLA, ICELAND IN 1991......Page 182
4. IZU-OSHIMA 1986-87 AND OFF-ITO 1989 ERUPTIONS IN JAPAN......Page 185
5. REMOTELY TRIGGERED SEISMICITY AT LONG VALLEY......Page 187
6. AN EXPERIMENT ON MAUNA LOA......Page 188
7. FEASIBILITY OF AN ALERT SYSTEM......Page 192
REFERENCES......Page 193
INTRODUCTION......Page 195
PRESENT MONITORING PRACTICE......Page 196
Mauna Loa Summit Seismicity......Page 197
Mauna Loa Flank Seismicity......Page 200
CURRENT SEISMICITY AND DISCUSSION......Page 201
CONCLUSION......Page 203
REFERENCES......Page 204
DEFORMATION OF THE SUMMIT......Page 206
FLANK MOVEMENT......Page 209
DISCUSSION......Page 210
REFERENCES......Page 212
INTRODUCTION......Page 213
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD......Page 214
Attainment of Equilibrium......Page 215
Geothernwmetry......Page 218
Crystallinity......Page 219
1984 Eruption of Mauna Loa.......Page 220
Application of the Geothermometer......Page 221
CONCLUSION......Page 222
REFERENCES......Page 223
INTRODUCTION......Page 224
Sampling and Geological Observations......Page 225
BATHYMETRY......Page 227
Analytical Methods......Page 228
Mineral Chemistry......Page 231
Glass Chemistry......Page 235
Rock Type Variations: Spatial vs. Temporal Controls......Page 236
Origin of Olivine-Rich Mauna Loa Submarine Lavas......Page 237
Implications o/Olivine-Rich Lavas /or Mauna Loa Primary Magma Compositions......Page 238
Temporal Geochemical Variation......Page 239
SUMMARY......Page 240
REFERENCES......Page 242
INTRODUCTION......Page 245
The 1852 Picrite Eruption......Page 246
The 1868 Picrite Eruption......Page 249
Olivine......Page 251
Pyroxenes......Page 253
LAVA COMPOSITIONS......Page 254
Origin of the Picrites......Page 258
The Composition of the Parental Magmas......Page 259
Nickel Partitioning and Oxidation State......Page 262
Implications for the Magmatic Plumbing System......Page 263
CONCLUSIONS......Page 264
REFERENCES......Page 265
INTRODUCTION......Page 267
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS......Page 268
COMPOSITION OF MAUNA LOA LAVAS......Page 269
Crystal Fractionation of a Parental Magma......Page 281
Open-System Magmatism......Page 282
Multiple parental magmas......Page 284
Melting, Source Heterogeneity, and Implications for the Hawaiian Plume......Page 285
CONCLUSIONS......Page 289
REFERENCES......Page 290
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 293
2.1. Samples......Page 295
2.2. Analytical Methods......Page 296
3.1. Temporal Isotopic Evolution of Mauna Loa......Page 299
3.2. Temporal Trace Element Variations......Page 301
3.3. Mechanisms for Temporal Variability......Page 303
3.4. Comparison with Adjacent Volcanoes......Page 304
4.2 Models for the Hawaiian Plume......Page 306
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 308
REFERENCES......Page 309
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 311
3.1. Comparison with literature data......Page 312
3.2. Contrasting Th/U ratios......Page 313
3.3. Discussion......Page 314
REFERENCES......Page 317
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 319
2. PREVIOUS ESTIMATES OF LAVA FLOW HAZARD IN HAWAFI......Page 320
3.3 Rate of Coverage as a Means of Estimating Lava Flow Hazard......Page 321
3.4 Probability of Lava Flow Occurrence as a Means of Estimating Lava Flow Hazard......Page 322
4.1 Grid of 3 km squares......Page 324
4.2 Catchments......Page 325
5. DISCUSSION......Page 327
6. CONCLUSION......Page 328
REFERENCES......Page 329
INTRODUCTION......Page 330
ERUPTIVE HISTORY OF MAUNA LOA......Page 332
HAZARDS POSED BY MAUNA LOA......Page 333
HAZARD ZONE MAPS......Page 335
VOLCANIC RISK......Page 336
MITIGATION THROUGH EDUCATION......Page 337
REFERENCES......Page 338
INTRODUCTION......Page 340
PAST ERUPTION PATTERNS......Page 342
ERUPTION PRECURSORS......Page 345
1976......Page 347
PRESENT FORECAST OF THE NEXT MAUNA LOA ERUPTION......Page 348
REFERENCES......Page 350