Maternal Employment: Marvel or Menace - the Views of Children, Young Adults, and Parents

Maternation Employment: Marvel or Menace - The Views of Children, Young Adults, and Parents......Page 3
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 11
Acknowledgments......Page 15
Introduction......Page 17
Section I. Young Adults' Attitudes About Maternal Employment: Comparisons among Children from Different Types of Households......Page 21
Introduction......Page 23
Controversial Images of Maternal Employment......Page 24
Similarities Across Different Family Types Eclipse Differences......Page 25
Relational and Attachment Risks......Page 26
Intellectual, Academic, and Behavioral Risks......Page 28
Attitudes among Future Parents......Page 29
Method......Page 31
Results......Page 33
Attitudinal Responses of Men and Women Combined......Page 34
Correlates of Consistent Maternal Employment: Employment Versus Nonemployment......Page 36
Attitudes About Perceived Costs and Benefits Associated with Maternal Employment......Page 37
Individual BACMEC Scale Items......Page 38
Discussion......Page 42
Abstract......Page 45
Introduction......Page 46
Previous Research on Mother-Child Attachment......Page 47
The Effects of Daycare on Children......Page 49
The Negative Effects of Daycare on Children......Page 50
Attitudes toward Maternal Employment......Page 51
Students' Perceptions of Maternal Employment......Page 52
Gender-Role Attitudes and the Allocation of Household Chores......Page 53
Gender-Role Attitudes of Parents and Their Children......Page 54
The Daughters of Working Mothers......Page 55
Family Structure's Influence on Attitudes and Career Aspirations of Offspring......Page 56
Family Structure and Household Chores......Page 57
Results......Page 60
Interaction Effects......Page 64
Participants with a History of Full-Time Maternal Employment......Page 66
Preferences for Spousal Employment......Page 67
Participant with a History of Part-time Maternal Employment......Page 70
Preferences for Spousal Employment......Page 71
Participants with a History of Maternal Non-Employment......Page 73
Preferences for Spousal Employment......Page 74
Discussion......Page 79
Abstract......Page 81
Introduction......Page 82
Impact on Women's Happiness......Page 83
Impact on Children......Page 85
Present Investigation......Page 98
Results......Page 99
Costs and Benefits Associated with Maternal Employment......Page 101
Maternal Career and Children's Career Aspirations......Page 102
Perceptions of Relationships with Patients......Page 103
Discussion......Page 109
Career Aspirations......Page 110
Perceptions of Parents......Page 111
Future Research......Page 112
Abstract......Page 113
Introduction......Page 114
Cognitive and Behavioral Outcomes......Page 120
Maternal Employment during the Preschool and Elementary School Years......Page 129
Sex Differences in Preschool and Elementary School Samples......Page 136
Discussion......Page 140
Section II. Young Adults' Relationships with Parents and Attachment Style......Page 145
Introduction......Page 147
Impact on Mothers......Page 148
Impact on Children......Page 149
Association with Attachment......Page 150
Impact of Child Care......Page 153
Influence of Cognitive and Langage Development......Page 156
Present Investigation......Page 159
Results......Page 160
Adult Attachment Scale......Page 161
Maternal Relationship Scale and Paternal Relationship Scale......Page 164
Perceived Costs and Benefits Associated with Maternal Employment......Page 165
Discussion......Page 166
Introduction......Page 171
Method......Page 173
Criticism of Maternal Work Status Scale......Page 174
Perceptions of Relationships with Parents......Page 176
Young Adults' Perceptions of the Costs and Benefits Associated with Maternal Employment......Page 178
Young Adults' Family and Career Aspirations and Expectations......Page 181
Participants with a History of Full-time Maternal Employment......Page 182
Participants with a History of Part-time Maternal Employment......Page 186
Preferences for Spousal Employment......Page 187
Participants with a History of Maternal Non-Employment......Page 189
Preferences for Spousal Employment......Page 190
Expectations of Household Chores and Income for Self and Spouse Among members of all Consistent Maternal Employment Groups......Page 193
Discussion......Page 194
Abstract......Page 197
Method......Page 198
Study I: Maternal Employment During the Elementary School Years......Page 199
Discussion......Page 201
Study II: Maternal Employment During Adolescence......Page 202
Discussion......Page 205
Introduction......Page 207
Effects on Mothers......Page 209
Family-Work Stress......Page 210
Repercussions of Maternal Employment on Children......Page 212
Timing of Return to Employment and Its Impact on Children......Page 215
Research on Timing of Return to Maternal Employment......Page 218
Study I......Page 219
Study II......Page 222
Study III......Page 233
Section III. Adolescents' Attitudes About Maternal Employment and Occupation Ambition......Page 239
Abstract......Page 241
Introduction......Page 242
Perceived Costs and Benefits of Maternal Employment......Page 255
Attitudes toward Maternal Employment and Child's Employment Preferences......Page 257
Discussion......Page 258
Abstract......Page 261
Introduction......Page 262
Results......Page 274
Self-Esteem......Page 275
Discussion......Page 276
Abstract......Page 279
Introduction......Page 280
Results......Page 282
Discussion......Page 283
Section IV. Parents' Attitudes and Behavior......Page 285
Introduction......Page 287
Previous Research on Maternal Employment......Page 290
Previous Research on Mother-Child Attachment......Page 291
The Childcare Debate......Page 294
Effects of Maternal Employment of Fathers......Page 297
Attitudes toward Maternal Employment......Page 299
Attitudes among Children of Working Mothers......Page 302
Method......Page 305
Individual BACMEC Scale Items......Page 306
Discussion......Page 316
The Relationship of Maternal Employment to Parenting Style and Attitudes: Parents from Single and Two Paycheck Families......Page 321
Method......Page 325
Discussion......Page 327
Study I......Page 329
Study II......Page 340
Study III......Page 345
Abstract......Page 349
Introduction......Page 350
Effects on Mothers......Page 352
Effects on Fathers......Page 354
Effects on Parents......Page 357
Effects on Children......Page 358
Effects on Daughters Versus Sons......Page 360
Effects on Infant-Parent Bond......Page 362
Effects on School-Age Children's and Adolecents' Achievement......Page 363
Attitudes toward Maternal Employment......Page 366
Study I......Page 367
2x2 MANOVA of the BACMEC......Page 369
2x2 MANOVA of the MRS and the PRS......Page 373
2x2x3 MANOVA of the BACMEC, MRS, and PRS......Page 374
Discussion of Study I Findings......Page 377
Study II......Page 381
Discussion of Study II Findings......Page 386
Cross-Cultural Comparisons: German Versus American Attitudes and Policies Regarding Maternal Employment......Page 387
Cultural Attitudes and Current Trends A Forced Choice: Motherhood Versus Career in Germany......Page 390
An Anecdotal Report......Page 395
Study I, II, and III......Page 399
Views of Young Adults......Page 400
Views of Parents......Page 401
Study I......Page 402
Results......Page 403
AAS Individual Item Analyses......Page 404
Quality of Current Relationships with Parents Maternal Relationship Scale (MRS) and Paternal Relationship Scale (PRS)......Page 406
Do Children Find Fault with their Mother's Employment Choice?......Page 408
General Attachment Findings......Page 410
Relationships with Parents Findings......Page 411
Mother Blaming Findings......Page 413
Maternal Employment During the Child's Adolescence......Page 414
How Maternal Employment Affects Views of Fathers: The Influence of Financial Motivation for Mothers' Working......Page 415
Children's Career Ambitions......Page 420
Study II......Page 421
Spousal Employment Plans of Sons From Consistently Employed Versus Nonemployed Mothers......Page 423
Resolving Contradictory Findings......Page 426
Study III......Page 427
Conclusions......Page 432
References......Page 435
Index......Page 477