Materials Science in Photocatalysis

Front Matter
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Fundamentals of photocatalysis: The role of the photocatalysts in heterogeneous photo-assisted reactions
	Introduction
	Basic principles of photocatalysis
	Conclusions
	References
Preparation of photocatalysts by chemical methodologies
	Introduction
	Synthesis of photocatalysts as powders by chemical methodologies: An overview
		Precipitation and co-precipitation
		Sol-gel process
		Hydrothermal/solvothermal syntheses
		Microemulsion technique
		Solid-state reactions
		Citrate complex method
		Solution combustion synthesis (SCS)
	Conclusions
	References
Preparation of photocatalysts by physical methodologies
	Introduction
	Bulk photocatalysts
		Spray pyrolysis
		Flame syntheses
			Flame hydrolysis
			Flame spray pyrolysis
		Sonochemical method
		Microwave irradiation
		Mechanochemical synthesis
	Preparation of supported photocatalysts as thin films and coatings
		Wet-coating technologies: Dip-coating and spin-coating
		Chemical vapor deposition
		Physical vapor deposition
			Vacuum deposition
			Sputtering
			Arc vapor deposition
			Pulsed laser deposition (laser ablation)
		Spray pyrolysis deposition
		Electrodeposition
	Conclusions
	References
Flame-based synthesis of oxide nanoparticles for photocatalytic applications
	Flame-based synthesis of oxide nanoparticles
		General properties
		Flame hydrolysis
		Flame spray pyrolysis
		Analogous synthesis methods
		Other flame-based techniques
	Application of flame-based synthesis to photocatalysis
		Titania-based catalysts
		Other oxides
	Flame-based synthesis of materials with potential photocatalytic applications
	Conclusions
	References
Methodologies of synthesis of titania and titania-graphene photocatalysts
	Introduction to synthesis methodologies
	Gas phase methodologies for TiO2 production
		Chemical vapor condensation (CVD)
		Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) synthesis
		Thermal plasma synthesis (TPS)
		Atomic layer deposition (ALS)
		Arc discharge synthesis (ADS)
		Laser pyrolysis synthesis (LPS)
	Liquid phase methodologies for TiO2 synthesis
		Sol-gel methodologies
		Microemulsion synthesis: Micelle and reverse micelle methodologies
		Hydrothermal method
		Solvothermal synthesis
		Sonochemical synthesis
		Co-precipitation synthesis
		Other noncommon synthesis methodologies
	Solid-phase production for TiO2 synthesis
		Mechanical attrition
		Mechanochemical synthesis
	Removal of solvents: Washing step
		Filtering and washing
		Centrifugation and washing
		Dialysis
	Heat treatment step
		Drying
		Calcination
		Calcination atmosphere
	References
Experimental methods in thermodynamic and kinetic studies on photocatalytic materials
	Introduction
	Band gap energy determination
	Band edges and Fermi level
		Semiconductor/metal
		Semiconductor/semiconductor
		Influence of light on the Fermi level
		Experimental methods
		Semiconductor/electrolyte interface
		Methods of the flat band potential determination
	Density of states and intraband gap states
	Kinetics of photoinduced electron transfer
		Time-resolved techniques
	Conclusions
	References
Photoelectrochemical characterization of photocatalysts
	Introduction
	Fundamentals on photocurrent spectroscopy
	Photoelectrochemical behavior of semiconductor/electrolyte junction
	Energetics of semiconductor/electrolyte junction
	Conclusions
	References
Application of EPR techniques in the study of photocatalytic systems
	Electron paramagnetic resonance: Short introduction
		g-factor
		Hyperfine interaction
		EPR line shape and signal intensity
	EPR studies of nanocrystalline photocatalysts
	EPR studies of dispersed photocatalytic systems
	References
Approaching photocatalysts characterization under real conditions: In situ and operando studies
	Introduction. Promises and challenges of in situ and operando studies in Photocatalysis
	Operando FTIR for the study of photocatalytic processes
		Sampling techniques and experimental set-ups for FTIR
		Molecular insights on photocatalytic reactions obtained by means of FTIR studies
	Raman and other vibrational spectroscopies
	X-ray absorption spectroscopy
	XPS
	Magnetic resonance techniques: NMR and ESR
	Concluding remarks
	References
Titanium(IV) oxide
	Titanium(IV) oxide
		Polymorphs of titanium(IV) oxide
		Methods for preparation of polymorphs of titania
	Photocatalytic activities of anatase and rutile
		Mechanistic analysis of photocatalytic reactions by action spectra [13]
		Heterogeneity in Evonik P25 [21]
		Isolation of anatase and rutile from P25
		Crystalline composition of P25 [21]
		Synergistic effect of anatase and rutile in P25 [21]
	Amorphous titania
		Structure of amorphous titania
		Photocatalytic activity of amorphous titania [33]
	Brookite titania and TiO2(B) [36]
	References
Development of hight active visible light-responsive TiO2 photocatalysts by applying ion engineering techniques
	Introduction
	Ion engineering techniques
	Visible light responsive TiO2 photocatalysts
		Modification of the electronic properties of TiO2 semiconductor photocatalysts by a metal ion implantation method [7 ...
		Preparation of transparent TiO2 thin film photocatalysts and the Cr-implanted TiO2 thin films operating under visibl ...
		One-step preparation of the visible light responsive TiO2 thin film photocatalysts by a RF-magnetron sputtering depo ...
	Conclusions
	References
Semiconductor  sensitizer composites for enhanced photoinduced processes
	Introduction
	Semiconductors in photocatalysis
		The TiO2 photocatalyst
		Other semiconductors (ZnO, WO3, g-C3N4)
			ZnO
			WO3
			g-C3N4
	Porphyrin and phthalocyanine sensitizers
		Porphyrins (general properties and synthesis)
		Phthalocyanines (general structure and synthesis)
		Structure-related issues
		Electronic, spectrochemical, and photochemical properties
			UV-vis absorption and emission spectra
			Singlet oxygen generation
	Advanced composite (hybrid) photocatalysts
		The TiO2PS systems
			The essentials of the photosensitized process
			Methods of catalyst preparation
			Physicochemical characteristics of hybrid catalysts
		Application in photoinduced processes
			Elimination of pollutants from water
			Mixed semiconductor matrices TiO2/WO3
			Photocatalyzed oxidation in the gas phase
			Photocatalyzed reduction of CO2
			Photocatalyzed reduction of Cr(VI)
			Photochemical syntheses (g-C3Ns)
			Hydrogen production
	References
Nanostructured-based WO3 photocatalysts: Recent development, activity enhancement, perspectives and applicati ...
	Introduction
	Recent developments
		Morphology effect on the photocatalytic properties of WO3
			Precursor effect on the morphology of WO3
			Morphology and its influence on the degradation of organic pollutants
		Influence of crystalline structure on its morphology and photocatalytic behavior
	Nanostructures of WO3
	Heterostructures of WO3
	Photocatalytic activity enhancement of WO3
	Conclusive remarks and perspectives
	References
Photoactive systems based on semiconducting metal oxides
	Introduction
	Photocatalytic phenomena explained via electron paramagnetic resonance technique
		N-TiO2
		Ce-ZrO2
		CeO2-ZnO
	Conclusions
	References
Iron oxide-based magnetic photocatalysts: Recent developments, challenges, and environmental applications
	Introduction
	Iron oxide-metal oxide photocatalysts
	Iron oxide-carbon containing photocatalysts
	Iron oxide-polymer photocatalysts
	Conclusion
	References
Strategic design and evaluation of metal oxides for photocatalytic CO2 reduction
	Introduction: Greenhouse gases and climate change
	Photocatalysis and photocatalytic CO2 reduction
	Strategic design and evaluation of metal oxides in photocatalytic CO2 reduction
		Application requirements, desired material properties, and characterization of the photocatalysts
			Light absorption from metal oxides
			Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide molecule
			Mechanism behind photocatalytic CO2 reduction
			Structural characteristics of a metal oxide
		Strategic testing and evaluation
			Identification of products and evaluation of photocatalysts in CO2 reduction
	Conclusions
	References
Nanostructured sulfide based photocatalysts using visible light for environmental and energy purposes
	Introduction
	Tri- and tetrahedrally coordinated sulfides
	Sulfides having sixfold coordinated cations
	In2S3
		The spectral response and photo-corrosion resistance of In2S3
		Research on the mechanism of degradation of the rhodamine B dye
		Two-photon processes with V-substituted In2S3
		Photocatalytic generation of H2 with a hydrogenase-In2S3 combination
		Photo-electrochemical production of O2 by a laccase-In2S3 electrode
	A system related to In2S3: ZnIn2S4
	SnS2
		The spectral response of SnS2
		Two-photon processes with V-substituted SnS2
		Photoelectrochemical production of O2 by a laccase-SnS2 electrode
	Conclusions
	References
Synthesis of MoS2 materials for photocatalysis applications and pollution abatement
	Introduction
	Structures and properties of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)
	Preparation of MoS2
		Mechanical exfoliation and chemical exfoliation methods
		Hydrothermal synthesis
		Chemical vapor deposition
	Modification of MoS2
		Graphene doping
		Metal ion doping
	Application of MoS2
		Photocatalytic water-splitting
		Photocatalytic degradation
		Photocatalytic CO2 reduction
	Summary and perspective
	References
Heterogeneous photocatalysts based on iso- and heteropolytungstates
	Photocatalysis by polyoxotungstates
		Decatungstate photocatalysis
		Heterogeneous polyoxotungstates as photocatalysts
	POTs heterogenized on photocatalytically inert supports
		Impregnation
			Partial oxidation of hydrocarbons
			Partial oxidation of alcohols
			Degradation reactions
		Entrapment by sol-gel procedure
			Partial oxidation of alcohols
			Degradation reactions
		Ionic exchange: Resins and modified silica supports
			Partial oxidation of hydrocarbons
			Oxidative bromination of hydrocarbons
			Degradation reactions
		Occlusion in polymeric membranes
		Immobilization into metal organic frameworks
			C-C bond formation
			Partial oxidation
			Degradation reactions
	POTs heterogenized on photocatalytically active supports
	Conclusions
	References
Heterogeneous photo-assisted catalytic hydration/dehydration reactions based on Keggin and Wells-Dawson type  ...
	Introduction
	HPAs based on heterogeneous photocatalysts
	References
Niobate-based perovskites: Characterization, preparation, and photocatalytic properties
	Aims and scope
	Introduction
		Perovskites oxides
			Historical background
			Structural and compositional flexibility
		Photocatalytic applications
	Niobates perovskites
		Compositional variety
		Preparation methods and morphology
		Photocatalytic performance
	Perspectives
	References
Insights on the photocatalytic performances of LaFeO3 synthesized by solution combustion synthesis
	Introduction
	Synthetic strategy
	Physical-chemical characterization of LaFeO3
	Photocatalytic applications and performances of LaFeO3
	Peculiar behavior related to pretreatment issues
	References
TiO2-copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) photocatalytic thin films for up-scalable wastewater treatment
	Introduction
	TiO2-CZTS thin film deposition
	TiO2-CZTS thin film characterization and testing
	The photocatalytic removal of pollutants
	Conclusions
	References
Graphene and graphene-oxide for enhancing the photocatalytic properties of materials
	Short general introduction
	Graphene and GO, preparation, composition, structure, behaviors
		Graphene and graphene oxide
		Graphene and GO synthesis
		Graphene and GO structure
		Physico-chemical characterization
	Applications in photocatalysis
		H2O reduction
		CO2 photoreduction for CO and fuel production
		Other photocatalytic syntheses
	GO and rGO in hybrid materials for water depollution and disinfection
		Synthesis of hybrid materials
		GO loading and degree of reduction
		Oxide nanoparticles and organic substrates
		Photocatalytic membranes
	References
Nanostructured composites based on Bi and Ti mixed oxides for visible-light assisted heterogeneous photocatalysis
	Introduction
	Influence of Bi2O3 loading on the properties of TiO2+β-Bi2O3 composites
	Influence of TiO2 support on the properties of TiO2+β-Bi2O3 composites
	Concluding remarks and research perspectives
	References
Composite materials in thermo-photo catalysis
	Thermo-photocatalysis: A brief outlook
	Environmental applications in thermo-photocatalysis
	Energy-related applications of thermo-photocatalysis
	Synthesis of chemicals with thermo-photocatalysis
	Conclusions
	References
Plasmonic photocatalysis
	Introduction
	Synthesis of plasmonic photocatalysts
	Mechanism clarifications on plasmonic photocatalysts
		Charge transfer (plasmon-assisted photocatalysis)
		Energy transfer (plasmon-assisted photocatalysis)
		Plasmonic heating (plasmon-assisted catalysis)
		Property-governed mechanism and activity
	Applications
		Environmental purification-Degradation of organic compounds
		Environmental purification-Inactivation of microorganisms
		Solar energy conversion
		Other applications of plasmonic photocatalysts
	New trends for activity and stability enhancements
		Nano-architecture design
		Hybrid nanostructures
		Phonic crystal-based plasmonic photocatalysts
	Summary and conclusions
	References
Graphitic carbon nitride-based metal-free photocatalyst
	Introduction
	Organic semiconductors: A focus on g-C3N4
		Photophysical and electrochemical properties
	Synthesis and modification of g-C3N4
	g-C3N4-based heterojunction photocatalysts
	g-C3N4 as photocatalyst: Applications
		Water photosplitting
		Artificial photosynthesis, photocatalytic CO2 reduction
		g-C3N4 in advanced oxidation processes
		g-C3N4-based photocatalytic disinfection
		Synthesis of value-added compounds through g-C3N4-based photocatalytic processes
	g-C3N4 beyond (photo)catalysis: Analytical applications
	Conclusions
	References
Two-dimensional layered double hydroxide based photocatalysts for environmental clean-up and renewable energy ...
	Introduction
	Characteristics of LDHs as photocatalysts
		Compositional structures
		Interlayer structures
		Defective structures
		Electronic properties
	Applications of photocatalytic systems
		Photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds
		Photocatalytic organic synthesis
		Photocatalytic water splitting
			LDHs for photocatalytic oxygen generation
			LDHs for photocatalytic hydrogen generation
		Photocatalytic CO2 reduction
		Photocatalytic N2 fixation
		Photocatalytic elimination of NOx
	Conclusion and perspective
	References
Crystalline two-dimensional organic porous polymers (covalent organic frameworks) for photocatalysis
	Introduction
		Overview of photocatalysis
		Overview of covalent organic frameworks (COFs)
		Principles of photocatalytic water splitting reaction
	COF based photocatalytic reactions
		Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)
		Organic transformations
		Reduction of CO2 to CO
	Conclusions
	References
Photocatalytic membranes and membrane reactors for CO2 valorization
	Introduction
	Membrane reactors
		Membrane as separator or extractor
		Membrane as distributor
		Membrane as contactor
	Membrane Reactor configurations
	Photocatalytic membrane solutions
	Photocatalytic membrane reactors for CO2 reduction
	Photocatalytic CO2 reduction in continuous membrane reactors: Case studies
	Photoelectrocatalytic membrane reactor
	Perspectives and challenges
	References
Photocatalysis by metal-organic frameworks
	Introduction
	MOFs as photocatalysts
	General photocatalytic mechanism
	Photocatalytic hydrogen generation
	Photocatalytic CO2 reduction
	Benzyl alcohol oxidations
	Pollutant degradation
	Photoredox reactions
	Conclusions and future perspective
	References
Ti-based metal-organic frameworks for visible light photocatalysis
	Introduction
	Visible light photocatalysis of Ti-MOFs for selective organic transformations
		Visible light photocatalytic selective oxidation of amines
		Photocatalytic selective oxidation of alcohols
		Miscellaneous photocatalytic selective transformations
	Concluding remarks
	References
Homogeneous photocatalysts immobilized on polymeric supports: Environmental and chemical synthesis applications
	Introduction
	Homogeneous photocatalysts
	Immobilization of homogeneous photocatalyst
		Homogeneous photocatalysts immobilized on synthetic polymers
		Homogeneous photocatalysts immobilized on biopolymers
	Summary and future prospects
	References
Soluble bioorganic substances from compost as photosensitizers for a sustainable homogeneous and heterogeneou ...
	Introduction
	Types of SBOs: From the original biowaste to extraction methods
	Composition and general features of SBOs
	Applications of SBOs
	SBOs in homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis
	Characterization of SBO-containing photocatalytic materials
	Performance of SBO-containing materials in photocatalysis
	References
Biology-inspired photocatalysis: Recent advances in biomimetic photocatalytic nanosystems synthesis and appli ...
	Overview of bioinspired photocatalysis
	Biomaterial-assisted photocatalysts synthesis
		Photocatalysts by plant extract-mediated synthesis
		Biosynthesis and bioaugmentation of photocatalysts
		Photocatalysts by biotemplated synthesis
	Biostructure-inspired photocatalysts
		Artificial leaf
		Other natural hierarchical architecture inspirations
		Enzymes and enzyme-like photocatalysts
	Biohybrids in photocatalysis
		Exploitation of biomolecules: Natural pigments and vitamins
		Peptides and polymer photocatalysts
		Melanin/polydopamine-based hybrids in photocatalysis
		Bionic leaf
	Concluding remarks and outlook
	References
Fungal resistance on photocatalytic ceramic surfaces: The ultimate role of the metal in the AgTiO2 photocatal ...
	Introduction
	Experimental
		Materials
			TiO2
			AgTiO2
		Photocatalyst characterization
		Tiles industrial manufacturing
		Characterization of photocatalytic tiles
		Fungi resistance tests
		Algicidal activity
	Results and discussion
		Samples characterization
		Fungal resistance
			Literature overview
				Antifungal activity of TiO2-based photocatalysts in light condition
				Antifungal activity of TiO2-based photocatalysts in dark condition
				AgNPsTiO2 based photocatalysts as antifungal materials
			Results
		Algae resistance results
	Conclusions
	References
Index
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	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Z