Materials for civil and construction engineers

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Preface......Page 16
About the Authors......Page 20
ONE Materials Engineering Concepts......Page 22
 1.1 Economic Factors......Page 23
 1.2 Mechanical Properties......Page 24
  1.2.1 Loading Conditions......Page 25
  1.2.3 Elastic Behavior......Page 26
  1.2.4 Elastoplastic Behavior......Page 29
  1.2.5 Viscoelastic Behavior......Page 33
  1.2.6 Temperature and Time Effects......Page 39
  1.2.7 Work and Energy......Page 40
  1.2.8 Failure and Safety......Page 41
  1.3.1 Density and Unit Weight......Page 43
  1.3.2 Thermal Expansion......Page 45
  1.3.3 Surface Characteristics......Page 46
 1.5 Aesthetic Characteristics......Page 47
 1.6 Sustainable Design......Page 48
 1.7 Material Variability......Page 50
  1.7.1 Sampling......Page 51
  1.7.3 Control Charts......Page 52
 1.8 Laboratory Measuring Devices......Page 55
  1.8.1 Dial Gauge......Page 56
  1.8.2 Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)......Page 58
  1.8.3 Strain Gauge......Page 60
  1.8.5 Proving Ring......Page 61
  1.8.6 Load Cell......Page 62
  Summary......Page 63
  Questions and Problems......Page 64
 1.9 References......Page 76
  2.1.1 Electron Configuration......Page 77
  2.1.2 Bonding......Page 80
 2.2 Metallic Materials......Page 83
  2.2.1 Lattice Structure......Page 84
  2.2.2 Lattice Defects......Page 88
  2.2.3 Grain Structure......Page 89
  2.2.5 Phase Diagrams......Page 92
 2.3 Inorganic Solids......Page 98
 2.4 Organic Solids......Page 100
  2.4.1 Polymer Development, Structure, and Cross-Linking......Page 101
  2.4.2 Melting and Glass Transition Temperature......Page 104
  2.4.3 Mechanical Properties......Page 105
  Questions and Problems......Page 106
 2.5 References......Page 109
THREE Steel......Page 110
 3.1 Steel Production......Page 112
 3.2 Iron–Carbon Phase Diagram......Page 115
  3.3.1 Annealing......Page 118
  3.3.2 Normalizing......Page 119
 3.4 Steel Alloys......Page 120
  3.5.1 Structural Steel Grades......Page 122
  3.5.2 Sectional Shapes......Page 125
  3.5.3 Specialty Steels in Structural Applications......Page 126
  3.6.1 Cold-Formed Steel Grades......Page 131
  3.6.2 Cold-Formed Steel Shapes......Page 132
 3.7 Fastening Products......Page 134
  3.8.1 Conventional Reinforcing......Page 136
  3.8.2 Steel for Prestressed Concrete......Page 140
  3.9.1 Tension Test......Page 141
  3.9.2 Torsion Test......Page 144
  3.9.3 Charpy V Notch Impact Test......Page 147
  3.9.4 Bend Test......Page 149
  3.9.5 Hardness Test......Page 150
 3.10 Welding......Page 151
 3.11 Steel Corrosion......Page 154
  3.11.1 Methods for Corrosion Resistance......Page 155
  3.12.2 Other Sustainability Considerations......Page 156
  Questions and Problems......Page 157
 3.13 References......Page 167
FOUR Aluminum......Page 169
 4.1 Aluminum Production......Page 172
 4.2 Aluminum Metallurgy......Page 174
  4.2.1 Alloy Designation System......Page 176
  4.2.2 Temper Treatments......Page 177
 4.3 Aluminum Testing and Properties......Page 180
 4.4 Welding and Fastening......Page 185
  Summary......Page 186
  Questions and Problems......Page 187
 4.7 References......Page 192
FIVE Aggregates......Page 194
 5.1 Aggregate Sources......Page 195
 5.3 Evaluation of Aggregate Sources......Page 196
 5.4 Aggregate Uses......Page 197
 5.5 Aggregate Properties......Page 198
  5.5.1 Particle Shape and Surface Texture......Page 200
  5.5.2 Soundness and Durability......Page 202
  5.5.3 Toughness, Hardness, and Abrasion Resistance......Page 203
  5.5.4 Absorption......Page 204
  5.5.5 Specific Gravity......Page 206
  5.5.6 Bulk Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate......Page 208
  5.5.7 Strength and Modulus......Page 209
  5.5.8 Gradation......Page 210
  5.5.9 Cleanness and Deleterious Materials......Page 225
  5.5.10 Alkali–Aggregate Reactivity......Page 226
  5.5.11 Affinity for Asphalt......Page 228
  5.6.1 Sampling Aggregates......Page 229
  5.7.2 Other Sustainability Considerations......Page 231
  Questions and Problems......Page 232
 5.8 References......Page 242
 6.1 Portland Cement Production......Page 244
 6.2 Chemical Composition of Portland Cement......Page 245
 6.3 Fineness of Portland Cement......Page 247
 6.5 Hydration of Portland Cement......Page 248
  6.5.2 Evaluation of Hydration Progress......Page 250
  6.7.1 Setting......Page 252
  6.7.2 Soundness......Page 254
 6.8 Water–Cement Ratio......Page 255
 6.9 Types of Portland Cement......Page 256
  6.9.1 Standard Portland Cement Types......Page 257
 6.10 Mixing Water......Page 260
  6.10.1 Acceptable Criteria......Page 261
  6.10.2 Disposal and Reuse of Concrete Wash Water......Page 263
  6.11.1 Air Entrainers......Page 264
  6.11.2 Water Reducers......Page 266
  6.11.3 Retarders......Page 270
  6.11.5 Accelerators......Page 271
 6.12 Supplementary Cementitious Materials......Page 273
  6.13.1 LEED Considerations......Page 276
  Questions and Problems......Page 277
 6.14 References......Page 286
 7.1 Proportioning of Concrete Mixes......Page 288
  7.1.1 Basic Steps for Weight and Absolute Volume Methods......Page 290
  7.1.2 Mixing Concrete for Small Jobs......Page 307
  7.2.1 Ready-Mixed Concrete......Page 310
  7.2.3 Depositing Concrete......Page 311
  7.2.5 Vibration of Concrete......Page 315
  7.2.7 Measuring Air Content in Fresh Concrete......Page 316
  7.2.8 Spreading and Finishing Concrete......Page 318
 7.3 Curing Concrete......Page 323
  7.3.2 Spraying or Fogging......Page 324
  7.3.5 Membrane-Forming Compounds......Page 325
  7.3.9 Electrical, Hot Oil, and Infrared Curing......Page 328
  7.4.1 Early Volume Change......Page 329
  7.4.3 Permeability......Page 331
  7.4.4 Stress–Strain Relationship......Page 332
  7.5.1 Compressive Strength Test......Page 334
  7.5.3 Flexure Strength Test......Page 337
  7.5.5 Penetration Resistance Test......Page 339
  7.5.6 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test......Page 340
 7.6 Alternatives to Conventional Concrete......Page 341
  7.6.1 Self-Consolidating Concrete......Page 342
  7.6.2 Flowable Fill......Page 344
  7.6.3 Shotcrete......Page 345
  7.6.5 Heavyweight Concrete......Page 347
  7.6.7 Shrinkage-Compensating Concrete......Page 349
  7.6.9 Fiber-Reinforced Concrete......Page 350
  7.6.11 High-Performance Concrete......Page 351
  7.6.12 Pervious Concrete......Page 353
  7.7.1 LEED Considerations......Page 354
  Summary......Page 356
  Questions and Problems......Page 357
 7.8 References......Page 368
 8.1 Masonry Units......Page 370
  8.1.1 Concrete Masonry Units......Page 371
  8.1.2 Clay Bricks......Page 376
 8.3 Grout......Page 379
  8.5.2 Other Sustainability Considerations......Page 380
  Questions and Problems......Page 382
 8.6 References......Page 385
NINE Asphalt Binders and Asphalt Mixtures......Page 386
 9.1 Types of Asphalt Cement Products......Page 389
 9.2 Uses of Asphalt......Page 391
 9.3 Temperature Susceptibility of Asphalt......Page 394
 9.4 Chemical Properties of Asphalt......Page 397
  9.6.1 Performance Grade Characterization Approach......Page 399
  9.6.2 Performance Grade Binder Characterization......Page 400
  9.6.3 Traditional Asphalt Characterization Tests......Page 405
  9.7.1 Asphalt Binders......Page 407
  9.7.2 Asphalt Cutbacks......Page 413
  9.7.3 Asphalt Emulsions......Page 414
 9.9 Asphalt Concrete Mix Design......Page 415
  9.9.1 Specimen Preparation in the Laboratory......Page 416
  9.9.2 Density and Voids Analysis......Page 419
  9.9.3 Superpave Mix Design......Page 422
  9.9.5 Marshall Method of Mix Design......Page 431
  9.9.6 Evaluation of Moisture Susceptibility......Page 439
 9.10 Characterization of Asphalt Concrete......Page 440
  9.10.1 Indirect Tensile Strength......Page 441
  9.10.2 Asphalt Mixture Performance Tester......Page 442
  9.11.2 Manufacturing Asphalt Concrete......Page 446
  9.11.3 Field Operations......Page 447
  9.12.1 RAP Evaluation......Page 450
  9.12.2 RAP Mix Design......Page 451
  9.13.2 Extenders......Page 453
  9.13.3 Polymer Modified Asphalt......Page 454
 9.14 Warm Mix......Page 455
  9.15.1 LEED Considerations......Page 457
  Summary......Page 458
  Questions and Problems......Page 459
 9.16 References......Page 467
TEN Wood......Page 469
  10.1.1 Growth Rings......Page 471
  10.1.2 Anisotropic Nature of Wood......Page 473
 10.2 Chemical Composition......Page 474
 10.3 Moisture Content......Page 475
 10.4 Wood Production......Page 478
  10.4.1 Cutting Techniques......Page 479
  10.4.2 Seasoning......Page 480
 10.5 Lumber Grades......Page 481
  10.5.1 Hardwood Grades......Page 482
  10.5.2 Softwood Grades......Page 483
 10.6 Defects in Lumber......Page 484
  10.7.1 Specific Gravity and Density......Page 487
  10.7.2 Thermal Properties......Page 488
  10.8.1 Modulus of Elasticity......Page 489
  10.8.4 Damping Capacity......Page 490
 10.9 Testing to Determine Mechanical Properties......Page 491
  10.9.1 Flexure Test of Structural Members (ASTM D198)......Page 492
  10.9.2 Flexure Test of Small, Clear Specimen (ASTM D143)......Page 494
 10.10 Design Considerations......Page 495
  10.11.2 Insects......Page 496
 10.12 Wood Preservation......Page 497
  10.12.2 Waterborne Preservatives......Page 498
  10.12.4 Construction Precautions......Page 499
 10.13 Engineered Wood Products......Page 500
  10.13.1 Structural Panels/Sheets......Page 501
  10.13.2 Structural Shapes......Page 504
  10.14.1 LEED Considerations......Page 511
  10.14.2 Other Sustainability Considerations......Page 514
  Questions and Problems......Page 515
 10.15 References......Page 521
ELEVEN Composites......Page 523
 11.1 Microscopic Composites......Page 525
  11.1.1 Fiber-Reinforced Composites......Page 526
  11.1.3 Matrix Phase......Page 529
  11.1.5 Civil Engineering Applications......Page 530
  11.2.1 Plain Portland Cement Concrete......Page 537
  11.2.2 Reinforced Portland Cement Concrete......Page 538
  11.2.4 Engineered Wood......Page 539
 11.3 Properties of Composites......Page 540
  11.3.1 Ductility and Strength of Composite......Page 541
  11.3.2 Modulus of Elasticity of Composite......Page 542
  11.4.2 Other Sustainability Considerations......Page 547
  Questions and Problems......Page 548
 11.5 References......Page 552
 Laboratory Manual......Page 553
  1. Introduction to Measuring Devices......Page 554
  2. Tension Test of Steel and Aluminum......Page 557
  3. Torsion Test of Steel and Aluminum......Page 560
  4. Impact Test of Steel......Page 563
  5. Microscopic Inspection of Materials......Page 566
  6. Creep in Polymers......Page 567
  7. Sieve Analysis of Aggregates......Page 571
  8. Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate......Page 575
  9. Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate......Page 577
  10. Bulk Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate......Page 579
  11. Slump of Freshly Mixed Portland Cement Concrete......Page 582
  12. Unit Weight and Yield of Freshly Mixed Concrete......Page 585
  13. Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by Pressure Method......Page 587
  14. Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by Volumetric Method......Page 589
  15. Making and Curing Concrete Cylinders and Beams......Page 591
  16. Capping Cylindrical Concrete Specimens with Sulfur or Capping Compound......Page 595
  17. Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens......Page 597
  18. Flexural Strength of Concrete......Page 600
  19. Rebound Number of Hardened Concrete......Page 603
  20. Penetration Resistance of Hardened Concrete......Page 605
  21. Testing of Concrete Masonry Units......Page 608
  22. Viscosity of Asphalt Binder by Rotational Viscometer......Page 611
  23. Dynamic Shear Rheometer Test of Asphalt Binder......Page 613
  24. Penetration Test of Asphalt Cement......Page 615
  25. Absolute Viscosity Test of Asphalt......Page 617
  26. Preparing and Determining the Density of Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) Speci-mens by Means of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor......Page 619
  27. Preparation of Asphalt Concrete Specimens Using the Marshall Compactor......Page 622
  28. Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Bituminous Mixtures......Page 625
  29. Marshall Stability and Flow of Asphalt Concrete......Page 627
  30. Bending (Flexure) Test of Wood......Page 629
  31. Tensile Properties of Composites......Page 635
  32. Effect of Fiber Orientation on the Elastic Modulus of Fiber Reinforced Com-posites......Page 638
 A......Page 641
 C......Page 644
 E......Page 647
 F......Page 648
 H......Page 649
 I......Page 650
 L......Page 651
 M......Page 652
 P......Page 654
 R......Page 656
 S......Page 657
 T......Page 659
 W......Page 660
 Z......Page 661