Materials for biomedical engineering: bioactive materials for antimicrobial, anticancer, and gene therapy

Front Cover......Page 1
Inorganic Micro- and Nanostructures......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
List of Contributors......Page 16
Series Preface......Page 20
Preface......Page 22
 1.1 Introduction......Page 26
 1.2 Gold Nanoparticles......Page 27
 1.3 Silver Nanoparticles......Page 30
 1.4 Selenium Nanoparticles......Page 35
 1.5 Copper Nanoparticles......Page 36
 1.6 Iron Nanoparticles......Page 42
 1.7 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles......Page 44
 1.8 Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles......Page 49
 References......Page 54
 Further Reading......Page 70
 2.1 Introduction and Background......Page 72
 2.2 Categorization......Page 77
  2.3.1 Matrices......Page 78
  2.3.2 Fibers......Page 79
  2.3.3 Particles......Page 81
  2.4.1 Composites Based on Polymer Matrix......Page 82
  2.4.2 Composites Based on Ceramic Matrix......Page 83
 2.5 Properties of Composites......Page 84
  2.6.1 Fracture and Fatigue Failure......Page 87
 2.7 Biological Response......Page 90
  2.8.1 Dentistry......Page 91
  2.8.2 Prosthetics and Orthotics......Page 93
  2.8.3 Tissue Engineering......Page 94
  2.8.4 Orthopedic......Page 95
 2.9 Conclusions......Page 96
 References......Page 97
 Further Reading......Page 103
 3.1 Introduction......Page 106
  3.1.2 Importance of Zn, Mn, and Mg as Trace Elements Present in Bone......Page 108
  3.2.2 Sample Preparation by MA......Page 109
  3.2.3 Spark Plasma Sintering......Page 110
   3.2.5.2 MTT assay......Page 111
   3.2.6.1 Microstructural analysis......Page 112
   3.2.6.2 Physical and mechanical property measurement......Page 114
  3.3.2 Confirmation of Carbonation in HAp by FTIR Analysis......Page 115
  3.3.3 Quantitative Phase Estimation of Unsintered Samples Using Rietveld’s Method......Page 117
  3.3.4 Modification in HAp Structure due to Mn/Mg/Zn Substitution......Page 119
  3.3.5 HRTEM Analysis......Page 125
  3.3.6 Microstructure Characterizations of the Spark Plasma Sintered Samples......Page 128
  3.3.7 Mechanical Properties of the Sintered HAp Samples......Page 132
  3.3.8 Cytocompatibility Test......Page 136
 References......Page 138
 4.1 Introduction......Page 144
 4.2 As4S4/ZnS NC Preparation Procedure......Page 145
  4.3.1 Atomic-Relevant Structure......Page 146
  4.3.2 Atomic-Deficient Structure......Page 148
  4.3.3 Biological Activity......Page 151
  4.4.1 Characterization of As4S4/ZnS NCs Prepared in a Dry-Milling Mode......Page 152
   4.4.2.1 Expected channels of mixed positron-Ps trapping in NP-based composites......Page 155
   4.4.2.2 Compositional evolution of FVEs in As4S4/ZnS NCs......Page 157
  4.4.3 Characterization of As4S4/ZnS-PX407 NSs Prepared in a Wet-Milling Mode......Page 165
   4.4.4.1 Dissolution of As from mixed As4S4/ZnS NPs......Page 167
   4.4.4.2 In vitro anticancer functionality of As4S4/ZnS-PX407 NSs......Page 169
 4.5 Conclusions......Page 172
 References......Page 173
 5.1 Background......Page 178
 5.2 Biofilm Treatment and Prevention......Page 179
 5.3 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds and Their Chemistry......Page 180
  5.3.1 Cationic Acrylates and Cationic Silanes......Page 181
  5.3.2 Quaternary Ammonium Compound Disinfectants and Preservatives......Page 186
  5.3.3 In Situ Quaternization of Tertiary Amines to Form Quaternary Ammonium Compounds and Nanoparticle Functionalization......Page 187
 5.4 Variables Influencing the Antimicrobial Properties of Quaternary Ammonium Compound......Page 189
 5.5 Cytotoxicity......Page 192
 5.7 Remarks......Page 193
 References......Page 194
 6.1 Introduction......Page 202
  6.1.1 Poloxamers and Poloxamines......Page 203
  6.1.2 Micelle Architecture and Mixed Micelles......Page 206
  6.1.3 Synthesis of Various Morphologies of Gold Nanoparticles......Page 208
   6.1.3.1 Icosahedral gold nanoparticles......Page 209
   6.1.3.2 Nanoplates......Page 212
  6.1.4 Bimetallic Nanoparticles......Page 214
  6.1.5 Comparison of Poloxamers and Poloxamines......Page 215
 6.2 Biomedical Applications......Page 220
 6.3 Study Results......Page 224
 6.4 Future Perspectives......Page 227
 References......Page 228
 Further Reading......Page 234
 7.1 Introduction......Page 236
  7.2.2 Coprecipitation......Page 237
  7.2.5 Hydrothermal Method......Page 238
  7.3.1 Functionalization of Nanoparticles......Page 239
  7.3.3 Multifunctional Nanoparticles......Page 240
  7.4.1 Application of Gold Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer Cell Detection......Page 243
  7.4.2 Basal Cell Carcinoma Fingerprinted Detection......Page 244
  7.4.3 Antibacterial Test Using Silver Nanoparticles......Page 247
  7.4.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles......Page 248
   7.4.4.2 Herpes DNA separation......Page 249
   7.4.4.4 Detection of pathogenic viruses......Page 251
   7.4.4.5 Specific and rapid tuberculosis detection......Page 253
   7.4.4.6 Biological treatment targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis in contaminated wastewater......Page 254
  7.4.5 Applications of Multifunctional Nanoparticles......Page 255
 7.5 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 257
 References......Page 258
 8.1 Introduction......Page 266
  8.2.1 Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles......Page 267
  8.2.2 Magnetic Nanoparticle Properties Change in Physiological Fluids......Page 269
  8.2.3 Methods for Characterization of Physicochemical Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles......Page 270
  8.2.4 Characterization of Magnetic Nanoparticle Mobility in 3D Gels and in the Artificial Extracellular Matrix......Page 271
 8.3 Current Biomedical Applications of Multimodal Magnetic Nanoparticles......Page 272
  8.3.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles as Delivery Vectors......Page 273
  8.3.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance......Page 274
  8.3.5 Magnetofection......Page 275
 8.4 Endocytosis and Intracellular Fate of Multimodal Magnetic Nanoparticles......Page 276
  8.4.1 Different Endocytic Pathways......Page 277
  8.4.2 Uptake Pathway Depends Mainly on the Properties of Nanoparticles and the Cell Type......Page 278
  8.4.3 The Intracellular Trafficking and Fate of Internalized Nanoparticles......Page 280
  8.4.4 Endocytosis of Magnetic Nanoparticles Is an Essential Step for Most Biomedical Applications......Page 282
  8.5.1 The Comparison of In Vivo and In Vitro Models for the Research Into Magnetic Nanoparticle Effects......Page 283
  8.5.2 The Routes and Model Organisms of Magnetic Nanoparticle Administration......Page 285
  8.5.3 Biomimetic In Vitro Models Represent the Bridge Between In Vitro and In Vivo Research......Page 287
  8.6.1 Skin Models......Page 288
  8.6.2 Lung Models......Page 289
  8.6.3 Gastrointestinal Tract Models......Page 290
  8.6.5 Urothelium/Urinary Bladder Models......Page 291
  8.6.6 Perspectives of Biomimetic In Vitro Models......Page 292
 References......Page 294
 9.1 Introduction......Page 310
 9.2 Aluminosilicates as Drug Carriers—Properties, Advantages, and Limitations......Page 311
  9.3.1 Cationic Surfactants—Properties and Pharmaceutical Applications......Page 313
   9.3.1.1 Physicochemical properties of cationic surfactants......Page 315
   9.3.1.2 Pharmaceutical application of cationic surfactants......Page 316
  9.3.2 Preparation and Characterization of Surfactant-Modified Aluminosilicates......Page 319
  9.3.3 Functionality of Surfactant-Modified Aluminosilicates as Drug Carriers......Page 323
  9.4.1 Chitosan—A Versatile Biopolymer......Page 328
   9.4.1.1 Physical and chemical properties of chitosan......Page 329
   9.4.1.2 Safety and regulatory status of chitosan......Page 331
  9.4.2 Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan-Modified Aluminosilicates......Page 332
  9.4.3 Functionality of Chitosan–Aluminosilicate Composites as Drug Carriers......Page 335
 References......Page 341
  10.1.1 Definition of Nanofiber......Page 354
  10.1.2 Interest in Bioactive Glass Nanofibers in Tissue Engineering (Scaffolds and Composites)......Page 355
 10.2 Conventional Methods to Produce Glass Microfibers......Page 357
  10.3.1 Bottom-Up Methods......Page 360
   10.3.2.2 Electrospinning......Page 361
 10.4 Bioactive Glass Fibers for Tissue Engineering and Composites......Page 363
 10.5 Production of Glass Nanofibers by Laser Spinning Technique......Page 367
  10.5.1 Bioactive Glass Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Composites......Page 373
 References......Page 376
 11.1 Introduction......Page 382
  11.1.1 Semiconducting (Nano)Materials......Page 383
  11.1.3 Nanocomposites/Particles......Page 390
  11.2.1 Sensing Measurement......Page 392
  11.3.1 Gas (Bio)Sensors......Page 393
   11.3.1.1 NOx......Page 394
   11.3.1.3 Oxygen......Page 398
  11.3.2 Chemical (Bio)Sensors......Page 399
   11.3.3.1 Heavy metals......Page 401
   11.3.3.2 Pesticide and dust......Page 402
   11.3.4.2 Protein......Page 404
   11.3.5.1 Glucose......Page 407
   11.3.5.2 Cholesterol......Page 408
   11.3.5.4 Immunology......Page 410
 11.4 Fabrication......Page 412
 11.5 Selectivity, Sensitivity, and Time Factors......Page 414
 References......Page 415
 Further Reading......Page 421
 12.1 Introduction......Page 422
 12.2 Some Interesting Properties of the Metals on the Nanometer Length Scale......Page 424
  12.3.1 Synthesis Approaches to Metal Nanoparticles......Page 427
  12.3.2 Functionalization of Metal Nanoparticles: Manipulation of Nanoparticles Properties......Page 428
 12.4 Applications of Metal Nanoparticles and Their Polymer-Based Nanocomposites......Page 431
   12.4.1.1 Cancer immunotherapy/drug delivery......Page 432
   12.4.1.2 Imaging of tissues and cells/nanoparticles in diagnostics......Page 433
   12.4.2.1 Fluorescent biological labeling......Page 435
   12.4.2.2 Biodetection of proteins......Page 436
   12.4.2.3 Biosensing applications......Page 437
   12.4.2.4 Antimicrobial testing......Page 438
 12.5 Conclusions and Outlook......Page 441
 References......Page 443
 13.1 Introduction......Page 452
 13.2 Conventional Chemotherapy......Page 454
 13.4 Metal–Ligand Complexes as a Composite Anticancer Drug......Page 456
  13.4.2 Quantitative Structure–Function Relationship of Iron-Salen Complexes......Page 457
  13.4.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) as an Essential Carrier for Magnetic DDS......Page 458
   13.4.4.1 Synthesis of iron salen......Page 463
   13.4.4.2 Design of magnetic iron salen......Page 464
   13.4.4.3 Theoretical investigation of anticancer iron salen by first principles calculations......Page 465
   13.4.4.5 Purity analysis......Page 467
   13.4.4.6 Anticancer properties......Page 469
   13.4.4.7 Magnetic property......Page 472
   13.4.4.8 Cancer hyperthermia......Page 473
 13.5 Hybrid Metal Salen–Polymer Nanocomposites as Nano-DDS......Page 477
 13.6 Conclusion......Page 479
 References......Page 480
 14.1 Introduction......Page 488
  14.2.1 Dip-Coating Method......Page 489
   14.2.1.1 Nanocoatings prepared by dip-coating......Page 491
  14.2.2 Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation Method......Page 493
   14.2.2.1 Nanocoatings prepared by MAPLE......Page 494
 References......Page 498
Index......Page 504
Back Cover......Page 513