Materials and the Environment: Eco-informed Material Choice

Physical-constants-in-SI-units_2022_Materials-and-the-Environment
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		Physical constants in SI units
		Conversion of units, general
Front-Matter_2022_Materials-and-the-Environment
	Materials and the EnvironmentEco-Informed Material ChoiceThird EditionMichael F. Ashby
Copyright_2021_Materials-and-the-Environment
	Copyright
Preface_2022_Materials-and-the-Environment
	Preface
Acknowledgments_2022_Materials-and-the-Environment
	Acknowledgments
Chapter-1---Introduction--material-dependen_2021_Materials-and-the-Environme
	1. Introduction: material dependence
		1.1 Introduction and synopsis
		1.2 Materials: a brief history
		1.3 Industrial revolutions: the growing reliance on nonrenewable materials
		1.4 Materials and the environment
		1.5 Summary and conclusions
		1.6 Further reading
		1 . Exercises
Chapter-2---Resource-consumption-and-its-dri_2021_Materials-and-the-Environm
	2. Resource consumption and its drivers
		2.1 Introduction and synopsis
		2.2 Where do materials come from?
		2.3 Resource consumption
		2.4 Exponential growth and doubling times
		2.5 Summary and conclusions
		2.6 Further reading
		2 . Exercises
Chapter-3---The-materials-life-cycle_2021_Materials-and-the-Environment
	3. The materials life cycle
		3.1 Introduction and synopsis
		3.2 The design process
		3.3 The materials life cycle
		3.4 Life-cycle assessment: details and difficulties
		3.5 Streamlined life-cycle assessment
		3.6 Eco-audits
		3.7 Summary and conclusions
		3.8 Further reading
		3 . Appendix: Software to support environmental life-cycle assessment
		3 . Exercises
Chapter-4---End-of-first-life--a-problem-or-a-_2021_Materials-and-the-Enviro
	4. End of first life: a problem or a resource?
		4.1 Introduction and synopsis
		4.2 What determines product life?
		4.3 End-of-first-life options
		4.4 The problem of packaging
		4.5 Recycling: resurrecting materials
		4.6 Summary and conclusions
		4.7 Further reading
		4 . Appendix: Designations used in recycle marks
		4 . Exercises
Chapter-5---The-long-reach-of-legislation_2021_Materials-and-the-Environment
	5. The long reach of legislation
		5.1 Introduction and synopsis
		5.2 Growing awareness and legislative response
		5.3 International treaties, protocols, conventions, agreements, and standards
		5.4 National legislation: directives, acts, and laws
		5.5 Economic instruments: taxes, subsidies, and trading schemes
		5.6 The legislative burden
		5.7 Summary and conclusions
		5.8 Further reading
		5 . Exercises
Chapter-6---Eco-data--values--sources--preci_2021_Materials-and-the-Environm
	6. Eco-data: values, sources, precision
		6.1 Introduction and synopsis
		6.2 Data precision: recalibrating expectations
		6.3 Eco-properties: materials
		6.4 Eco-properties: processes
		6.5 Eco-properties: energy
		6.6 Eco-properties: transport
		6.7 Eco-properties: end of life
		6.8 Summary and conclusions
		6.9 Further reading
		General engineering properties of materials
		Material property charts
		Geo-economic data
		Material production: embodied energy, CO2 footprint and water usage, engineering materials
		Material shaping and joining processes
		Recycling and end of life
		Transport carbon footprint and energy
		Fuel mix and carbon footprint in electrical energy
		6.10 Exercises
Chapter-7---Eco-audits-and-eco-audit-tools_2021_Materials-and-the-Environmen
	7. Eco-audits and eco-audit tools
		7.1 Introduction and synopsis
		7.2 Eco-audits: energy and carbon fingerprints of products
		7.3 The practicalities: how to do an eco-audit
		7.4 The end-of-life credit conundrum: analyzing recycle credits
		7.5 Circularity: eco-audits with recycling
		7.6 Computer-aided eco-auditing
		7.7 Summary and conclusions
		7.8 Further reading
		7 . Exercises
Chapter-8---Case-studies--eco-audits_2021_Materials-and-the-Environment
	8. Case studies: eco-audits
		8.1 Introduction and synopsis
		8.2 A wheelie bin
		8.3 Reusable and disposable cups
		Further reading
		8.4 Carrier bags
		Further reading
		8.5 A coffee maker
		8.6 An A-rated washing machine
		Further reading
		8.7 Ricoh Imagio MF6550 copier
		Further reading
		8.8 A portable space heater
		8.9 Auto bumpers: exploring substitution
		8.10 Family car: comparing material energy with use energy
		Further reading
		8.11 Computer-assisted audits: a hair dryer
		8.12 Summary and conclusions
		8.13 Exercises
Chapter-9---Material-selection-strategies_2021_Materials-and-the-Environment
	9. Material selection strategies
		9.1 Introduction and synopsis
		9.2 Function, constraints, objectives, and free variables
		9.3 Material property charts
		9.4 Selection criteria and property charts
		9.5 Resolving conflicting objectives: trade-off methods
		9.6 Computer-aided selection
		9.7 Summary and conclusions
		9.8 Further reading
		9 . Appendix: Deriving material indices
		9 . Exercises
Chapter-10---Eco-informed-material-selectio_2021_Materials-and-the-Environme
	10. Eco-informed material selection
		10.1 Introduction and synopsis
		10.2 Which bottle is best? Selection per unit of function
		10.3 Systematic eco-selection: carbonated-water bottles
		10.4 Structural materials for buildings
		10.5 Initial and recurring embodied energy of buildings
		10.6 Heating and cooling (1): refrigeration
		10.7 Heating and cooling (2): materials for passive solar heating
		10.8 Heating and cooling (3): kilns and cyclic heating
		10.9 Transport (1): introduction
		10.10 Transport crash barriers—matching material to purpose
		10.11 Transport (3): materials for lightweight structures
		10.12 Transport (4): material substitution for eco-efficient design
		10.13 Summary and conclusions
		10.14 Further reading
		10 . Exercises
Chapter-11---Renewable-materials--natural-mat_2021_Materials-and-the-Environ
	11. Renewable materials, natural materials
		11.1 Introduction and synopsis
		11.2 Natural materials
		11.3 Biopolymers
		11.4 Fibers, natural and synthetic
		11.5 Bio-based composites
		11.6 Summary and conclusions
		Data sources for natural materials
		Data sources for biopolymers
		Data sources for fibers
		Data sources for bio-composites
		11 . Appendix: Natural materials—brief portraits
			Mineral-based materials
			Vegetable-derived materials (except fibers)
			Animal-derived materials (except fibers)
			Fibers: Natural vegetable fibers
			Animal-derived fibers
			Bio-based composites
		11 . Exercises
Chapter-12---Criticality-and-supply-chain-r_2021_Materials-and-the-Environme
	12. Criticality and supply-chain risk
		12.1 Introduction and synopsis
		12.2 Critical materials
		12.3 Supply-chain risk
		12.4 Managing risk
		12.5 Summary and conclusions
		12.6 Further reading
		12 . Exercises
Chapter-13---Circular-materials-economics_2021_Materials-and-the-Environment
	13. Circular materials economics
		13.1 Introduction and synopsis
		13.2 The ecological metaphor
		13 . Resource husbandry—history and scale
		13 . A circular materials economy2
		13 . Creating a more circular materials economy8
			13.5.1 Better stuff: improved materials technology
			13.5.2 Better design
			13.5.3 Better business models
			13.5.4 Better behavior: regulation, social adaptation, and change of lifestyle
		13 . Getting real: how circular can we get?
			13.6.1 A more inclusive view of circularity
		13 . Summary and conclusions
		13.8. Further reading
		13 . Exercises
Chapter-14---Materials-and-sustainability_2021_Materials-and-the-Environment
	14. Materials and sustainability
		14.1 Introduction and synopsis
		14.2 Sustainable development and the three capitals
		14.3 Assessing sustainable development at the national level
		14.4 Assessing sustainable development at the product level
			14.4.1 Natural capital: environmental life-cycle assessment
			14.4.2 Manufactured and financial capital: life-cycle costing
				14.4.2.1 Human and social capital: social life-cycle assessment
		14.5 Corporate social responsibility and sustainability reporting14
		14.6 Resources, consumption, population, affluence, and impact
		14.7 Summary and conclusions
		14.8 Further reading
		14 . Appendix: Software to support social life-cycle assessment
		14 . Exercises
Appendix-A-Material-property-data_2021_Materials-and-the-Environment
	A - Material property data
Appendix-B-Eco--and-supply-chain-data_2021_Materials-and-the-Environment
	B—Eco- and supply-chain data
Index_2022_Materials-and-the-Environment
	Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
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	T
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	Y
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Conversion-of-units--stress-and-pressure_2022_Materials-and-the-Environment
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		Conversion of units: powerTo →kW (kJ/s)kcal/sHpft lbf/sBtu/hFrom ↓Multiply bykW (kJ/s)14.181.347354.47×104kcal/s0.23910.321 ...