Mass Extinction

3540759158......Page 1
Table of Contents......Page 8
1. Mass Extinction - a general view......Page 14
References......Page 17
2. Late Ordovician mass extinction......Page 18
References......Page 20
3.1 Introduction......Page 21
3.2 Early research: The discovery of the glacial period......Page 22
3.3 Fast or slow: The changing face of the Ordovician glaciation......Page 24
3.4 Trilobite extinction and larval form......Page 27
3.6 Acknowledgements......Page 29
References......Page 30
4.1 Introduction......Page 32
4.2 The Silurian marine scene......Page 35
4.3 Discovery of the Silurian global events......Page 36
4.3.1 Early discoveries......Page 38
4.3.2 The theory of Silurian oceanic events......Page 39
4.3.3 The increased use of stable isotope stratigraphy......Page 40
4.4.1 Stratigraphic position......Page 42
4.4.2 Groups affected......Page 44
4.4.3 Stable isotopes......Page 45
4.5 The Middle Silurian Mulde Event......Page 46
4.5.1 Stratigraphic position......Page 47
4.5.2 Groups affected......Page 48
4.5.4 Sedimentary changes and sea-level......Page 49
4.6 The Late Silurian Lau Event......Page 50
4.6.2 Groups affected......Page 51
4.6.3 Stable isotopes......Page 52
4.6.4 Sedimentary changes and sea-level......Page 53
4.7.1 The Silurian events and carbonate platforms......Page 54
4.7.2 Temporal and spatial development and biodiversity......Page 56
4.7.3 Carbon isotope stratigraphy......Page 58
4.7.4 Sea-level change and sedimentary facies......Page 59
4.8 Summary......Page 60
References......Page 61
5. Late Devonian mass extinction......Page 69
References......Page 70
6. Late Permian mass extinction......Page 71
Reference......Page 72
7. Late Triassic mass extinction......Page 73
References......Page 74
8.1 Introduction......Page 75
8.3 Some methodological issues......Page 76
8.4.1 Radiolarians......Page 81
8.4.2 Marine bivalves......Page 83
8.4.3 Ammonoids......Page 84
8.4.4 Reef builders......Page 85
8.4.5 Conodonts......Page 88
8.4.6 Land plants......Page 90
8.4.7 Tetrapods......Page 92
8.5 Ecological severity......Page 95
8.6 Causes of the TJB extinctions......Page 96
8.7 Late Triassic extinction events......Page 98
References......Page 100
9.1 Introduction......Page 113
9.2 Geographical and geologic setting......Page 115
9.3 Material and methods......Page 116
9.4 Correlation of diversity and preservation......Page 117
9.5 Biostratigraphy......Page 118
9.6.1 Ecological preferences......Page 119
9.6.2 Environmental analysis......Page 123
9.6.3 Mass extinction analysis......Page 125
9.7 Discussion and conclusions......Page 131
9.8 Acknowledgements......Page 134
References......Page 135
10. K-Pg mass extinction......Page 138
References......Page 139
11.1 Introduction......Page 141
11.2 Material and methods......Page 142
11.3.1 Cluster analysis......Page 143
11.3.2 Principal coordinate analysis......Page 145
11.4 Qualitative results......Page 146
11.5 Discussion and conclusions......Page 150
11.6 Acknowledgements......Page 154
References......Page 155
12.1 Introduction......Page 157
12.2.1 Sudr Chalk......Page 158
12.3 Material and methods......Page 159
12.4 Results and discussion......Page 161
12.5 Acknowledgements......Page 165
References......Page 166
13.1 Introduction......Page 167
13.2.2 The debate......Page 168
13.2.3 Towards a reconciliation......Page 172
13.3.1 Geography of Southeast Asia......Page 173
13.3.2 Geological History......Page 174
13.3.4 Vegetation......Page 176
13.3.5 Sea level changes......Page 178
13.4.2 Yunnan Horse......Page 180
13.4.5 Robust Macaque......Page 181
13.4.8 Pigs......Page 182
13.4.10 Malayan Tapir......Page 183
13.4.14 Asian Spotted Hyena......Page 184
13.5 Human overhunting in Southeast Asia?......Page 185
13.6 Climate change and megafauna......Page 186
13.7 The modern extinction crisis......Page 189
13.8 Summary......Page 190
References......Page 191
14. Current mass extinction......Page 198
15.1 Introduction......Page 202
15.2 Insect mass extinctions in the past......Page 204
15.3 Types of current insect extinctions......Page 207
15.3.1 Lessons from island ecology......Page 209
15.3.2 Insect extinctions induced by changes in succession status......Page 211
15.3.3 Insect extinctions from climate change......Page 213
15.4.1 The Darwin-Lyell extinction model......Page 216
15.4.2 The Raup extinction model and the kill curve......Page 217
15.4.4 Climate change......Page 219
15.4.5 Habitat fragmentation, destruction, modification......Page 224
15.4.6 Species invasions / introductions......Page 228
15.4.7 Co-extinctions......Page 230
15.4.8 Hybridization and introgression......Page 232
15.5.1 Estimating conservation priority......Page 234
15.5.2 Conserving insects through habitat/plant conservation......Page 241
15.5.3 Conserving insect biodiversity in city parks and road verges......Page 244
References......Page 247
F......Page 257
Y......Page 258