Mask Interfaces for Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation. Principles of Technology and Clinical Practice

Contents
Preface
Section 1. Noninvasive Ventilation Mask Interface: Biomechanics of the Upper Airway ( Physiology
Chapter 1
Basic Craniofacial and Upper Airway Structures:
Anatomy and Physiologic Effects ( Impact in  Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation
	Abstract
	Introduction
		The Nose
		Nasal Cavity
		Lateral Walls
		Posterior Nares (Choana)
		Function of the Nose
		The Pharynx
		Nasopharynx
		Oropharynx
		Hypopharynx
	The Larynx
		Functions of the Larynx
		Laryngeal Skeleton
		Glottis
		Muscles of the Larynx
		Nerve Supply of the Larynx
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2
Physical Determinants of Upper Airways: Airflow and Pressure
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Pressure, Volume and Flow in the Upper Airways
		Elastic Properties
		Dynamic Properties
	Upper Airways Critical Pressure
	Fixed and Variable Airway Obstruction
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3
Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation and Work of Breathings Patterns Using Different Interfaces
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Comparison between NIV Interfaces - Scientific Evidences
	Conclusion
	References
Section 2. Mask Interface: Technical Elements
Chapter 4
Interfaces: Design, Manufacturers and Headgear
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5
Mask Interface: Air Leak Dynamics and  Intentional Air Leaks
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Intentional Leaks
	Unintentional Leaks
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6
Carbon Dioxide Removal, Exhalation Ports,  Oxygenation, and Air Leaks
	Abstract
	Introduction
		Carbon Dioxide Removal and Rebreathing
			Exhalation Ports
			Oxygenation
			Air Leaks
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7
Securing in Mask Interface Systems: Anti-Asphyxia Valve
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Technical and Safety Aspects
		Types of Circuits: Double and Single-Limb Circuits
		Vented and Non-Vented Masks
		Droplet Generation and Airborne Disease
		Other Safety Considerations
	Conclusion
	References
Section 3. Interface Options:  Technology Interface ( Noninvasive Ventilation
Chapter 8
Negative Noninvasive Ventilation-Cuirass:
Design and Clinical Implications
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Ventilatory Mechanics
	Clinical Implications of Ventilators with Extratoracic Action
		The “Iron Lung”
		The “Poncho” or “Pneumowrap”
		The Curiass
	The Hayek Cuirass with High Oscillatory Frequency
	Double Positive + Negative Synchronized Ventilation (DPNSV)
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9
Interface-Nasal Prongs: Designs and Clinical Implications
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Design and Technical Characteristics
	Clinical Implications
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10
Noninvasive Ventilation by Mouthpiece Ventilation
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. General Points Regarding MPV
	3. Indications and Contraindications of MPV
	4. Technique and Adaptation
		4.1. Types of Mouthpieces
		4.2. Ventilator Parameters
		4.3. Alarms
		4.4. MPV according to Different Diseases/Situations
			4.4.1. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
			4.4.2. Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)
			4.4.3. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
			4.4.4. Other NMD’s
			4.4.5. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
			4.4.6. Acute Care
	5. Limitations
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11
Noninvasive Ventilation by Helmet Interface
	Abstract
	Introduction- Adult Helmet
	Pediatric Helmet
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12
Oronasal Face Masks Designs and Clinical Implications
	Abstract
	Introduction
	The History of Oronasal Face Masks
	Designs of Oronasal Face Masks
	Clinical Implications of Oronasal Face Masks
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13
Total Face Masks: Designs and Clinical Implications
	Abstract
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Design of the Total Face Mask
	Unintentional Leaks and Total Face Masks
	Dead Space and CO2 Elimination
	Total Face Mask and Upper Airway Patency
	The Effect of Interface on Airway Humidity
	Patient Comfort and Skin Lesions
	Effectiveness
	Practical Issues
	Conclusion
	References
Section 4. Methodology and Practical Tools for Noninvasive Ventilation: Choice of Interface and Effectiveness ( Practical Recommendations,  Interface, Practice
Chapter 14
Interface-Mask Fitting: Effects of Mask Strap Tension  on the Biomechanical and Biomarkers ( Skin Interface
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Studies and Methods
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15
Interface Pressures at the Bridge of the Nose:  Prevention and Treatment
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Epidemiology
	Pathogenesis and Risk Factors
	Prevention and Treatment Strategies
		NIV Interface Selection
		Patient Setting
		Training in Patient Management during NIV of Health-Care Staff
		Skin Protective Strategies
	Differentiation of Problems between Adult and Pediatric Patients
	Conclusion
		Key Messages
	References
Chapter 16
Mask Interface: Selection in Acute Respiratory Failure
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Interface Selection
	Hypercapnic Acute Respiratory Failure
	Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema
	De Novo Hypoxemic ARF
		HFNC versus NIV
		Oronasal versus Nasal 7K
		Oronasal versus Total Face 7K
		Oronasal 7K versus Helmet
	Postoperative Period
	Post-Extubation
	Immunosuppression
	Pandemic Viral Illness
	Conclusion
	References
Section 5. Interface Tolerance: Noninvasive Ventilation ( Pattern of Response and Intolerance
Chapter 17
Mask Interface: Psychological Response ( Claustrophobia/Anxiety ( Diagnosis, Treatment,  and Prevention
	Abstract
	Introduction
		Symptoms
		Causes
		Diagnosis
	NIV Claustrophobia
		Treatment and Prevention
		Desensitization
		Wearing Mask while Awake
	Conclusion
	References
Section 6. Interface: Evaluation and Monitoring
Chapter 18
Interfaces and Rebreathing: Evaluation of CO2 Washout
	Abstract
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	1. Standard Masks
		1.1. Type of Exhalation Device and Expiratory Positive Airway Pressure
		1.2. Position of Exhalation Device
		1.3. Mask Internal Volume
		1.4. Ventilatory and Gas Exchange Parameters
	2. Helmets
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 19
Effect of Mask Interface and Upper Airway Patency
	Abstract
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	NIV and Upper Airway Patency
	Mask Interfaces and Upper Airway Patency
	Studies about the Effect of Different Interfaces on NIV and  Upper Airway Patency
	Conclusion
	References
Section 7. Mask Interface: Patient-Ventilator Interaction,  Noninvasive Ventilation ( Determinants
Chapter 20
Comfort: Mechanical Ventilator ( Triggering, Pressurization, and Synchrony
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Methods
	Mask Interfaces for Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation
		Types of Interfaces
		Patient Comfort & Efficiency
	Patient-Ventilator Interaction
		Triggering of the Ventilator
		Cycling-off Criterion
		Airway Pressure during NIV
		Synchrony
	Triggering Delay and Ineffective Triggering
	Double Triggering
	Auto-Triggering
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 21
Terms of Effectiveness, Application, and Tolerability
	Abstract
	Introduction
	General Considerations
	Oral Interfaces
	Nasal Masks and Pillows
	Oronasal and Total Face Masks
	Helmets
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 22
Mask Interface: Leaks
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Types of the Leak
	Factors Related to the Leak
	Effects of the Leak
	Interventions to Reduce the Leak
	Conclusion
	Key Messages
	References
Section 8. Interface: Patient ( Ventilatory Modes
Chapter 23
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Indications
	Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema
	Obstructive Sleep Apnea
	Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome
	Pos-Extubation
	Neonatal Intensive Care
	Contraindications
	Complications
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 24
Ventilatory Modes: Bi-Level Positive Pressure
	Abstract
	Introduction
	BIPAP
		Physiology of BIPAP
		BIPAP Devices and Modes
		Indications of BIPAP
		Application of BIPAP
		Advantages of BIPAP
		Contraindications of BIPAP
	Conclusıon
	References
Chapter 25
Ventilatory Modes, Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist (NAVA)
	Abstract
	Introduction - NAVA
	Does Interface Matter in Noninvasive Ventilation  for Acute Respiratory Failure?
		Oronasal Mask
		Nasal Mask
		Full-Face Mask
		Helmet
	Current Evidence of NAVA-NIV and the Impact of Interfaces
		NAVA-NIV using Oronasal Mask
		NAVA-NIV with Helmet
	Conclusion
	References
Section 9. Interface and Ventilator Settings
Chapter 26
Airway Pressure Waveform: Impact Positive Pressure/IPAP/Leakages ( Higher IPAP Levels  and Response
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Airway Pressure Waveform
	Patient-Ventilator Asynchrony
	Circuit Leak
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 27
Nasal High Flow Treatments:
Flow and Pressure Determinants
	Abstract
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Flow Study in Laboratory
	The Outcome of Flow and Cannula Size on Produced Pressure during  Nasal High Flow
	Reduce Dead Space
	Conclusion
	References
Section 10. Interface Bench and Clinical Data and  Type Respiratory Failure: Recommendations and Results
Chapter 28
Interface in Noninvasive Ventilation  in Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure:  Summary and Practical Recommendations
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Interfaces in Adult
		Comparison among Masks
		Limitations and Practical Recommendations
		Comparison between Helmet and Other Mask Interfaces
		Helmet NIV Limitations and Practical Recommendations
	Interfaces in Pediatric Setting
	NIV in COVID-19 Patients: Safety and Precautions
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 29
Noninvasive Ventilation in Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure: Summary and Practical Recommendations
	Abstract
	Introduction
	COPD
	Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema
	Acute Asthma Exacerbation
	Immunocompromised Patients
	Post-Operative Patients
	Palliative Care
	Chest Trauma
	Post-Extubation Respiratory Failure
	Weaning from IMV
	Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
Chapter 30
The Mask Interface in Sleep Breathing Disorders
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Type of Masks
		2.1. Nasal Masks (NM)
		2.2. Oronasal Masks (ONM)
		2.3. Nasal Pillow Masks (NPM)
		2.4. Oral Masks (OM)
		2.5. Total Face Masks (TFM)
	Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Chapter 31
The Mask Interface in Diagnostic/Therapeutic Procedures (Bronchoscopy, Nutrition)
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy during NIV
	Other Endoscopy Procedures
	Key Messages
	References
Chapter 32
Mask Interface: Chronic Respiratory Failure (  Home Mechanical Ventilation
	Abstract
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	CRF, Definition and Characteristics
		A Brief Review of Pathophysiology
		HMVs-Brief View
		Home Ventilation in COPD.
	Conclusion
	Key Recommendations
	References
Chapter 33
Mask Interface in Difficult Anatomic Conditions
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Interfaces
	Difficult Anatomic Conditions
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 34
Mask Interface and Noninvasive Ventilation Failure
	Abstract
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Factors Related to the Type of Mask in Different Settings
	Upper Airway Obstruction
		Skin Breakdown
		Air Leaks
	Conclusion
	References
Section 11. Complementary Technologies and Interface:  Key Practical Relationships
Chapter 35
Humidification Devices
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Humidification
	Humidification Devices
	Humidification and Noninvasive Ventilation
	Conclusion
	Key Points
	References
Chapter 36
Aerosol Management during Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation Therapy
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Aerosols
	At Home
		In Hospital
	Environmental Control in Hospitals, HVAC etc.
	Management Strategies According to Various Organizations Can
	Be Summarized
		Ventilation
		Humidification and Temperature
		UV Light
	Conclusion
		Conflict of Interest
		Sources of Funding
	References
Chapter 37
Novel Tube Adapter for Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation: Key Practical Relationships
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Pathophysiology
	Conclusion
	References
Section 12. Mask Interface: Related Complications
Chapter 38
Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation Interface: Acute Mask-Related Complications
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Interface Mask-Related Complications
		Nasal Symptoms
		Unintentional Leak
		Mask Displacement
		Mid Face Hypoplasia
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 39
Skin Breakdown, Facial Tissue Stresses:  Medical Device-Related Pressure Ulcer,  Prophylactic Dressings and Treatment
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Methods
	Pressure Ulcer: Definition, Classification and Physiopathology
	Epidemiology
	Interface Selection
	Risk Factors for Facial Skin Breakdown Development
	Risk Assessment
	Prevention of NIV Device-Related Pressure Ulcers
	Treatment
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 40
Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation Complications:
Gastric Distension ( Conjunctivitis
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Gastric Distention
	Conjunctivitis
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 41
Chronic Prolonged Use of Noninvasive  Mechanical Ventilation Masks
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Interface- Chronic Prolonged Use of NIV Masks Related Complications
		Related to the Interface
		Related to the Air Pressure and Flow
		Related to the Patient
	Conclusion
	References
About the Editor
Index
Blank Page