Marine ornamental species aquaculture

Content: Contents     List of Contributors xxv     Foreword xxxi     Part I Overview of Marine Ornamental Species Aquaculture 1     1 The Marine Ornamental Species Trade 3 Matthew R. Palmtag     1.1 Introduction 3     1.2 History 4     1.3 Economics of Trade 5     1.4 Species of Trade 5     1.5 Organization of Trade 6     1.6 Environmental Impact 7     1.7 Marine Ornamentals Aquaculture 9     1.8 Conclusions 12     2 The Need for Cultured Specimens 15 Ricardo Calado     2.1 Introduction 15     2.2 Should All Marine Ornamental Species be Cultured? 16     2.3 Highly Demanded Marine Ornamental Species Cultured in Captivity 18     2.4 Conclusions 20     3 Life Cycles in Marine Ornamental Species     Fishes as a Case Study 23 Ike Olivotto, Ming  ]Yih Leu and Mercedes Blazquez     3.1 Introduction 23     3.2 Patterns of Sexuality in Fish 24     3.3 Sex Determination and Sex Differentiation in Fish 28     3.4 Molecular Markers of Sex Differentiation 29     3.5 Transcriptomic Studies on Fish Sex Differentiation 29     3.6 Demersal Spawners 30     3.7 Pelagic Spawners 34     3.8 Conclusions 38     4 Early Culture Trials and an Overview on U.S. Marine Ornamental Species Trade 51 Andrew L. Rhyne, Michael F. Tlusty and Joseph T. Szczebak     4.1 Introduction 51     4.2 Import Data and the Marine Aquarium Trade 52     4.3 Aquaculture for the Marine Aquarium Trade: Bottlenecks and Opportunities 58     4.4 Constraints and Opportunities for the Commercial Production of Marine Aquarium Species 59     4.5 Risks and Benefits of Aquaculture Production 63     4.6 Conclusions 66     Part II Facilities, Culture Systems and Other Specific Requirements 71     5 Location 75 Ricardo Calado     5.1 Introduction 75     5.2 In Situ Culture 76     5.3 Ex Situ Culture 77     5.4 Licensing and Other Legal Issues 77     5.5 Conclusions 78     6 Broodstock Systems 81 Rui J.m. Rocha and Maria Teresa Dinis     6.1 Introduction 81     6.2 Broodstock Management and Reproduction 82     6.3 Systems Design and Planning 82     6.4 Conclusions 96     7 Larviculture Systems 101 Ike Olivotto and Miquel Planas Oliver     7.1 Introduction 101     7.2 Microcosms 102     7.3 Mesocosms 105     7.4 Conclusions 108     8 Live Prey Production Systems 111     8.1 Introduction 111     8.2 Microalgae 112     8.3 Rotifers 113     8.4 Artemia 115     8.5 Copepods 118     8.6 Other Prey 121     8.7 Conclusions 122     9 Larval Diets and Nutrition 125 Ike Olivotto, Miquel Planas Oliver and Claudia Turchi     9.1 Larval Nutritional Requirements 125     9.2 Microalgae 127     9.3 Rotifers, Artemia and Ciliates 129     9.4 Copepods 131     9.5 Inert Diets (Dry Food and Preserved Copepods) 133     9.6 Conclusions 134     10 Growout and Broodstock Nutrition 139 Steven R. Craig, Todd R. Gardner and Oliana Carnevali     10.1 Introduction 139     10.2 Nutritional Components 140     10.3 Broodstock Nutrition 145     10.4 Probiotics 149     10.5 Conclusions 152     11 Considerations for Developing a Marine Ornamental Hatchery 159 Avier J. Montalvo     11.1 Introduction 159     11.2 Hatchery Location 160     11.3 Facility Layout 160     11.4 Water Sources 160     11.5 Electricity 162     11.6 Lighting 163     11.7 Tanks and Aquariums 163     11.8 Diet and Nutrition 167     11.9 Quarantine 168     11.10 Filtration 169     11.11 Market Assessment 170     11.12 Quality Control 171     11.13 Other Considerations 171     11.14 Conclusions 172     Part III Marine Ornamental Fishes Aquaculture 175     12 Clownfish 177 Ike Olivotto and Benjamin Geffroy     12.1 Introduction 177     12.2 Social Structure 179     12.3 Sex Reversal in Clownfish 180     12.4 Broodstock Nutrition 182     12.5 Broodstock Tanks and Establishing Pairs 183     12.6 Spawning 185     12.7 Hatching, Larval Tanks and First Feeding 187     12.8 Early Trials 190     12.9 Conclusions 193     13 Mouthbrooders     the Banggai Cardinalfish 201 Alejandro A. Vagelli     13.1 Introduction 201     13.2 The Reproductive Biology of Pterapogon kauderni 203     13.3 General Ecological Characteristics of Pterapogon kauderni 207     13.4 Captive Breeding of Pterapogon kauderni 209     13.5 Nutritional Aspects and Diseases 216     13.6 Conclusions 219     14 Other Demersal Spawners and Mouthbrooders 223 Marcelo Shei, Miguel Mies and Ike Olivotto     14.1 Introduction 223     14.2 Gobies (Gobiidae) 224     14.3 Blennies (Blenniidae) 228     14.4 Dottybacks (Pseudochromidae) 231     14.5 Damselfishes (Pomacentridae) 236     14.6 Other Demersal Spawning Families 240     14.7 Other Mouthbrooders 242     14.8 Conclusions 243     15 Large Angelfish and Other Pelagic Spawners 251 G. Joan Holt, Ming  ]Yih Leu, Chatham K. Callan and Brad Erisman     15.1 Introduction 251     15.2 Serranidae 254     15.3 Lutjanidae 257     15.4 Haemulidae 258     15.5 Sciaenidae 260     15.6 Chaetodontidae 262     15.7 Pomacanthidae 263     15.8 Labridae 265     15.9 Callionymidae 268     15.10 Ephippidae 269     15.11 Acanthuridae 270     15.12 Conclusions 273     16 Dwarf Angelfish 279 Frank Baensch     16.1 Introduction 279     16.2 Broodstock 282     16.3 Larval Rearing 286     16.4 Juvenile Growout 293     16.5 Conclusions 295     17 Seahorses and Pipefish 299 Miquel Planas Oliver, Robert Burhans and Nuno Simoes     17.1 Introduction 299     17.2 Anatomy and General Biology 300     17.3 Reproduction and Mating System 301     17.4 Husbandry 303     17.5 Rearing Systems 307     17.6 Diseases 311     17.7 Rearing of Selected Seahorse Species 314     17.8 Rearing of Selected Pipefish 317     17.9 Rearing of Seadragons 320     17.10 Conclusions 322     18 Post  ]Larval Capture and Culture of Ornamental Fishes 327 Gilles Lecaillon     18.1 Introduction 327     18.2 PCC Versus Fish Life Cycle 328     18.3 Features Determining Species Suitability to the Marine Aquarium Trade 330     18.4 Hobbyist Responsibilities 335     18.5 Pcc Experiences 339     18.6 Conclusions 342     19 Common Diseases in Marine Ornamental Fishes 347 Maria Letizia Fioravanti and Daniela Florio     19.1 Introduction 347     19.2 Parasitic Diseases 349     19.3 Mycotic Diseases 358     19.4 Bacterial Diseases 360     19.5 Viral Diseases 365     19.6 Conclusions 368     Part IV Marine Ornamental Invertebrates Aquaculture 381     20 Live Rock 385 Nuno Simoes, Andres Altamira, Marcelo Shei and Francesco Perissonotti     20.1 Introduction 385     20.2 Trade of Live Rock: a Bit of History 387     20.3 Types of Live Rock 388     20.4 Principal Recipes to Make Your Own Aquacultured Live Rock 391     20.5 Decoration Versus Filtration: Myth or Reality? 392     20.6 Problems in Use 393     20.7 Financial Issues? 394     20.8 Observations on the Differences of Live Rock 395     20.9 Conclusions 399     21 Cnidarians 403 Ricardo Calado     21.1 Corals 406 Miguel C. Leal, Christine Ferrier  ]Pages, Dirk Petersen and Ronald Osinga     21.2 Sea Anemones 437 Anna Scott     21.3 Jellyfish 457 Mike Schaadt, Chad L. Widmer and Nancy Sowinski     22 Decapod Crustaceans 475 Ricardo Calado     22.1 Shrimp 477 Ricardo Calado, Junda Lin, Gilles Lecaillon and Andrew L. Rhyne     22.2 Other Marine Ornamental Decapods 496 Andrew L. Rhyne, Junda Lin and Ricardo Calado     23 Molluscs 507 Ricardo Calado     23.1 Giant Clams 510 Miguel Mies, Marcello S. Scozzafave, Felipe Braga and Paulo Y.g. Sumida     23.2 Snails, Slugs and Cephalopods 536 Gisela Dionisio, Filipa Faleiro and Rui Rosa     24 Polychaetes 565 David R. Bybee and Joanna M. Murray     24.1 Introduction 565     24.2 Worms Sold in the Trade 567     24.3 An Introduction on Ornamental Polychaete Culture 567     24.4 Sexual Reproduction as a Method of Culture 568     24.5 Asexual Reproduction and Regeneration as Methods of Culture 571     25 Other Invertebrates and Macroalgae 581 Ricardo Calado and Martin Moe Jr.     25.1 Introduction 581     25.2 Sponges 582     25.3 Tunicates 583     25.4 Echinoderms 583     25.5 Macroalgae 589     25.6 Conclusions 590     Part V Other Issues in Marine Ornamental Species Aquaculture 595     26 Packing and Shipping 597 Joao P. Correia and Nuno V. Rodrigues     26.1 Introduction 597     26.2 Packing 598     26.3 Shipping 602     26.4 Conclusions 606     27 The Role of Public and Private Aquaria in the Culture and Conservation of Marine Ornamentals 609 Ricardo Calado  27.1 Public Aquaria 611 Michael F. Tlusty, Nuria Baylina, Andrew L. Rhyne, Chris Brown and Mark Smith     27.2 Interaction Between Public and Private Aquaria 623 Judy St. Leger and gary Violetta     28 How Nano Tanks can Foster the Demand for Bred and Cultured Marine Ornamentals 635 Christiane Schmidt     28.1 Introduction 635     28.2 The Need 637     28.3 Where we are Now 638     28.4 Challenges 639     28.5 Solutions 641     28.6 Conclusions 645     Part Vi Future Challenges and Concluding Remarks 647     Glossary 651     Appendix 655