Marine Nitrogen Fixation

Foreword
References
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Chapter 1: Nitrogen Fixation in the Marine Environment
	1.1 The Nitrogen Cycle
	1.2 Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments
	References
Chapter 2: Fundamentals of N2 Fixation
	2.1 Microbiology
	2.2 Nitrogen Fixation Reaction and Nitrogenases
	2.3 The Biological Nitrogen Fixation Reaction
	2.4 Non-structural nif Genes and Protein Assembly
	2.5 Cellular Regulation of Nitrogenase
	2.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 3: History of Research on Marine N2 Fixation
	3.1 History of Studies of Marine N2 Fixation
	3.2 Process Oriented Studies: Water Column
	3.3 Benthic Marine Environments
	3.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 4: Microorganisms and Habitats
	4.1 The Surface Ocean (Pelagic)
		Cyanobacteria
		Heterotrophic N2 Fixers
	4.2 Oxygen Deficient Zones (ODZs)
	4.3 Mesopelagic and Deep Ocean
	4.4 The Benthos
		Microbial Mats
		Shallow Sediments
		Corals and Coral Reefs
		Marine Plant Communities
		Deep Sea Benthos
	4.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 5: Measurements of Organism Abundances and Activities
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Cultivation
	5.3 The Acetylene Reduction Method
	5.4 Isotopic Tracers: 15N
	5.5 Hydrogen
	5.6 Functional Gene Analysis
	5.7 Stable Isotope Probing
	5.8 Biogeochemical Proxies
	5.9 Remote Sensing
	5.10 Experimental and Observational Formats and Scales
	5.11 Mathematical Models
	5.12 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 6: Factors Controlling N2 Fixation
	6.1 Oxygen
	6.2 Light
	6.3 Temperature
	6.4 Nutrients
	6.5 Dissolved Organic Matter
	6.6 Salinity
	6.7 pH
	6.8 Turbulence
	6.9 Fate of Diazotrophs
	6.10 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7: Biogeography of N2 Fixation in the Surface Ocean
	7.1 Factors Controlling the Distribution of N2 Fixation Biogeography
	7.2 Nutrient Limitation Geography
	7.3 N2 Fixation Variables
	7.4 Oligotrophic Oceans
	7.5 Coastal and Upwelling Regions
	7.6 Seasonality
	7.7 Low O2 Waters
	7.8 Estuaries and Inland Seas
	7.9 High Latitudes Including the Arctic
	7.10 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8: N2 Fixation in Ocean Basins
	8.1 Nutrient Relationships, Ratios and N Cycle Feedbacks
		Stable Isotope Inferences
		The N* Parameter and N2 Fixation
	8.2 Basin and Global Scale Inputs
		Pelagic Studies
		Heterotrophic N2 Fixation Inputs
		Benthic Studies
	8.3 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9: Marine N2 Fixation, Global Change and the Future
	9.1 Effects of Environmental Changes on Species
	9.2 Large-Scale Shifts in N2 Fixation in the Global Ocean
	9.3 Ocean Fertilization and Marine N2 Fixation
	9.4 Marine Aquaculture, Biotechnology and N2 Fixation
	9.5 Overcoming Challenges for Future N2 Fixation Research
	9.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 10: Summary and Conclusions
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Fundamentals
	10.3 History
	10.4 Microorganisms
	10.5 Measurements
	10.6 Factors
	10.7 Biogeography
	10.8 N2 Fixation in Ocean Basins
	10.9 Marine N2 Fixation, Global Change and the Future
	10.10 Over-Arching Questions, Controversies and Future Directions
		Microbiological
		Physiological
		Ecological/Biogeochemical
		Methodological/Technological
	10.11 Closing Comments
Index