Marine Geochemistry

Marine Geochemistry, SECOND EDITION......Page 1
Contents......Page 7
Preface to the first edition......Page 9
Preface to the second edition......Page 10
Acknowledgements......Page 12
Symbols and concentration units......Page 13
List of abbreviations and acronyms......Page 15
1.1 Setting the background: a unified ‘process-orientated’ approach to marine geochemistry......Page 17
Part I: The Global Journey: Material Sources......Page 23
2.1 The background......Page 25
3.1 Chemical signals transported by rivers......Page 27
3.2 The modification of river-transported signals at the land–sea interface: estuaries......Page 42
4.1 Material transported via the atmosphere: the marine aerosol......Page 68
4.2 The chemistry of the marine aerosol......Page 85
4.3 Material transported via the atmosphere: the air–sea interface and the sea-surface microlayer......Page 97
4.4 The atmospheric pathway: summary......Page 99
5.1 Hydrothermal activity: high-temperature basalt–sea water reactions......Page 104
5.2 Hydrothermal activity: lowtemperature basalt–seawater reactions......Page 111
5.3 The hydrothermal pathway: summary......Page 112
6.1 River fluxes to the oceans......Page 114
6.2 Atmospheric fluxes to the oceans......Page 122
6.3 Hydrothermal fluxes to the oceans......Page 133
6.4 Relative magnitudes of the primary fluxes to the oceans......Page 136
6.5 Relative magnitudes of the primary fluxes to the oceans: summary......Page 147
Part II: The Global Journey: the Ocean Reservoir......Page 151
7.2 Some fundamental properties of sea water......Page 153
7.3 Oceanic circulation......Page 160
7.4 Tracers......Page 164
7.5 An ocean model......Page 171
7.6 Characterizing oceanic water-column sections......Page 172
7.7 Water-column parameters: summary......Page 179
8.2 The exchange of gases across the air–sea interface......Page 181
8.3 Dissolved oxygen in sea water......Page 188
8.4 Dissolved carbon dioxide in sea water: the dissolved CO2 cycle......Page 192
8.5 Dissolved gases in sea water: summary......Page 212
9.1 The nutrients and primary production in sea water......Page 216
9.2 Organic matter in the sea......Page 235
9.3 The marine organic carbon cycle......Page 248
9.4 Organic matter in the oceans: summary......Page 252
10.2 The distribution of total suspended matter in the oceans......Page 258
10.3 The composition of oceanic total suspended matter......Page 262
10.4 Total-suspended-matter fluxes in the oceans......Page 265
10.5 Down-column changes in the composition of oceanic TSM and the three-layer distribution model......Page 268
10.6 Particulate material in the oceans: summary......Page 271
11.1 Introduction......Page 274
11.2 Oceanic residence times......Page 277
11.3 An oceanic trace-metal framework......Page 279
11.4 Geographical variations in the distributions of trace elements in surface ocean waters: coastal–open-ocean horizontal gradients......Page 280
11.5 The vertical distribution of trace elements in the water column......Page 287
11.6 Processes controlling the removal of trace elements from sea water......Page 297
11.7 Trace elements in sea water: summary......Page 322
12.1 Down-column fluxes......Page 327
12.2 The benthic boundary layer: the sediment–water interface......Page 344
12.3 Down-column fluxes and the benthic boundary layer: summary......Page 349
Part III: The Global Journey: Material Sinks......Page 355
13.1 Introduction......Page 357
13.2 The formation of deep-sea sediments......Page 362
13.3 A general scheme for the classification of marine sediments......Page 366
13.5 The chemical composition of marine sediments......Page 367
13.7 Marine sediments: summary......Page 371
14.1 Early diagenesis: the diagenetic sequence and redox environments......Page 373
14.2 Organic matter in marine sediments......Page 380
14.3 Early diagenesis in marine sediments......Page 385
14.4 New concepts in organic matter preservation in marine sediments......Page 389
14.6 Interstitial water inputs to the oceans......Page 394
14.7 Interstitial water inputs to the oceans: summary......Page 418
15.1 Lithogenous components......Page 421
15.2 Biogenous components......Page 426
15.3 ‘Hydrogenous’ components: halmyrolysates and precipitates......Page 436
15.4 Cosmogenous components......Page 453
15.5 Summary......Page 454
16.1 Definition of terminology......Page 458
16.2 The biogenous signal......Page 460
16.5 Unscrambling the detrital and authigenic signals......Page 461
16.6 Signal spikes......Page 475
16.7 The ocean-wide operation of the sediment-forming signals......Page 484
16.8 Unscrambling the sediment-forming chemical signals: summary......Page 492
Part IV: The Global Journey: Synthesis......Page 495
17.1 How the system works......Page 497
17.2 Balancing the books......Page 500
17.3 Conclusions......Page 504
Index......Page 509