Marine Disease Ecology

Cover
Marine Disease Ecology
Copyright
Preface
Contents
List of Contributors
Section 1  Marine Infectious Diseases and their Ecological Roles
	Chapter 1: Marine pathogen diversity and disease outcomes
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Diversity of pathogens
			1.2.1 Viruses
			1.2.2 Bacteria
			1.2.3 Microeukaryotes
				Fungi
				Microsporidia
				Amoebozoa
				Haplosporida
				Paramyxida
				Mikrocytida
				Dinoflagellata
				Perkinsea
			1.2.4 Metazoan
				Myxozoa
				Nematoda
		1.3 Pathology and the “pathobiome”: future direction
		1.4 Summary
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 2: Parasites in marine food webs
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 How parasites affect food webs
		2.3 Parasites across trophic levels
		2.4 How parasites navigate food webs
		2.5 How food webs affect parasites
		2.6 How host quality affects parasites
		2.7 Using parasites to improve food webs
		2.8 Summary
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 3: Disease can shape marine ecosystems
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Parasites generate trophic cascades
		3.3 Infectious agents can suppress or facilitate competitive exclusion
		3.4 Disease impacts on foundational species
		3.5 Parasites and ecosystem engineering
		3.6 Conclusions and Future Directions
		3.7 Summary
		Acknowledgments
		References
Section 2 
Drivers of Marine Disease
	Chapter 4: Bacteriophage can drive virulence in marine pathogens
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 The role of prophages in disease
		4.3 Prophages in marine diseases
		4.4 Evolutionary implications of prophages in marine diseases
		4.5 Meta-analysis of prophage-encoded functions
		4.6 Summary
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter5: Climate change can drive marine diseases
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Marine host-pathogen ecophysiology
		5.3 Proximate disease drivers influenced by climate change
			5.3.1 Temperature
			5.3.2 Other proximate drivers of disease
		5.4 Summary
		References
	Chapter 6: Pollution can drive marine diseases
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Biological pollution
			6.2.1 Direct effects of waste-associated pathogens
			6.2.2 Indirect effects of waste-associated pathogens and toxins on marine food webs
			6.2.3 Nutrient pollution and disease
		6.3 Chemical pollution
			6.3.1 Heavy metals and radioactive materials
			6.3.2 Medical waste
			6.3.3 Fossil fuels
			6.3.4 Plastic pollution
		6.4 Physical pollution
			6.4.1 Marine debris and discarded fishing equipment
			6.4.2 Marine disease in response to drought and altered freshwater flows
			6.4.3 Sound and light pollution
		6.5 Summary
		References
	Chapter 7: Invasions can drive marine disease dynamics
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Life-history traits that influence parasite invasions
			7.2.1 Host specificity
			7.2.2 Life cycle complexity
			7.2.3 Longevity and durability of free-living stages
			7.2.4 Facultative and sapronotic parasites
			7.2.5 Recipe for invasion success
		7.3 Assessing marine parasite species transfers and invasions
			7.3.1 Temporal changes in vector operation and species transfer
			7.3.2 Flux of marine parasites
			7.3.3 Invasion history of marine parasites
		7.4 Ecological and evolutionary consequences of parasite invasion
		7.5 Looking forward: integrating parasite, disease, and invasion ecology
		7.6 Summary
		Acknowledgments
		References
Section 3  Disease Problems and their Management
	Chapter 8: Disease outbreaks can threaten marine biodiversity
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Disease outbreaks of threatened foundation, keystone, and ecological engineering species
			8.2.1 Foundation species: reef-building corals
				When
				Signs and cause
				Impact
			8.2.2 Ecosystem engineering species: seagrass
				When
				Signs and cause
				Impact
			8.2.3 Keystone species: sea stars
				When
				Signs and cause
				Impact
			8.2.4 One pathogen, one disease: abalone
				When
				Signs and cause
				Impact
		8.3 Turning the tide: marine biodiversity provides services that influence disease
		8.4 Summary
		8.5 Future directions and priorities for research
		References
	Chapter 9: Disease ecology in marine conservation and management
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Disease as an ecological component
		9.3 The unique marine environment
		9.4 Environmental drivers and anthropogenic forcing
		9.5 Consequences for conservation and management
		9.6 Managing marine disease outbreaks
		9.7 Managing human impacts on natural systems
			9.7.1 Marine protected areas and spatial management
			9.7.2 Early warning systems and forecasting marine disease outbreaks
			9.7.3 Natural ecosystem “filters”
		9.8 Managing aquaculture systems and their interactions with natural systems
		9.9 Managing disease for restoration
		9.10 Summary
		References
	Chapter 10: Disease in fisheries and aquaculture
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Effects of disease on fisheries and aquaculture
			10.2.1 Decreased growth
			10.2.2 Decreased fecundity
			10.2.3 Increased mortality
			10.2.4 Decreased marketability
			10.2.5 Disease and catch variability
			10.2.6 Positive effects of disease on fisheries and aquaculture
		10.3 Effects of fisheries and aquaculture on disease
			10.3.1 Population level
			10.3.2 Metapopulation level
			10.3.3 Community level
			10.3.4 Ecosystem level
		10.4 Unique disease ecology of diadromous fisheries
		10.5 Managing disease in fisheries and aquaculture
			10.5.1 Managing disease in fisheries
			10.5.2 Fishery restoration and its implications for disease
			10.5.3 Managing disease in aquaculture
			10.5.4 Microbial ecology and disease management in aquaculture—the microbiome
			10.5.5 The role of hatcheries in disease management for fisheries and aquaculture
		10.6 Human health and other human impacts on the feedbacks among marine disease, fisheries, and aquaculture
		10.7 Summary
			10.7.1 Conclusions
			10.7.2 Recommendations
		References
Section 4 Working with Infectious Diseases
	Chapter 11: Diagnosing marine diseases
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Considerations of diagnostic testing
			11.2.1 Principles
			11.2.2 Detection
			11.2.3 Sampling
		11.3 Classical microbiology and virology
			11.3.1 Cultivation, isolation, and identification of bacterial disease agents
			11.3.2 Cultivation, isolation, and identification of fungal disease agents
			11.3.3 Cultivation, isolation, and identification of protistan disease agents
			11.3.4 Cultivation, isolation, and identification of viral disease agents
		11.4 Morphologic approaches to detection and diagnosis
			11.4.1 Histology
			11.4.2 Laser capture microdissection
			11.4.3 Electron microscopy
			11.4.4 Immunohistochemistry
			11.4.5 In situ hybridization
				Detection of specific nucleic acids in a histologic context
				Detection of nucleic acids of infectious agents
				Detection of mRNA expression in injured or activated cells
				Immunogold ISH to detect nucleic acids in a cellular context
		11.5 Nucleic acid-based approaches for detection and diagnosis
			11.5.1 Polymerase chain reaction
			11.5.2 Endpoint PCR
			11.5.3 Quantitative PCR
			11.5.4 Next Generation Sequencing
			11.5.5 Short-read high-throughput methods
			11.5.6 Long-read high-throughput methods
		11.6 Summary
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 12: Modelling marine diseases
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Modelling and forecasting parasites in and on hosts
		12.3 Compartmental marine host–parasite models
		12.4 Ecological dynamics from marine disease models
			12.4.1 Phocine distemper virus outbreaks in harbor seal colonies
			12.4.2 Demographic resistance to disease in novel communities
			12.4.3 Allee effects in colonizing ectoparasites
		12.5 Considering parasite proliferation in compartmental models
		12.6 Modelling disease in fished populations
		12.7 Integrating disease models with physical ocean models
		12.8 Synthesis
		12.9 Summary
		References
	Chapter 13: Future directions for marine disease research
		13.1 The intersectional nature of disease
		13.2 The context dependency of disease
		13.3 Marine epizootics: disease ecology without epidemiology
		13.4 Examples of marine disease surveillance in practice
		13.5 Moving forward by embracing tools to look at disease outbreaks in the past
		Acknowledgments
		References
Index