Marine Chemistry in the Coastal Environment

Title Page......Page 1
Copyright......Page 2
ACS Symposium Series......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
PdftkEmptyString......Page 0
PREFACE......Page 5
1 Chemical Equilibrium in Seawater......Page 7
The Composition of Seawater......Page 8
Dissociation of Weak Acids......Page 9
Solubilities of Minerals......Page 11
Activity Coefficients......Page 14
Equilibrium in Estuaries......Page 20
Control of the Oceanic Composition......Page 23
Acknowledgement......Page 25
Literature Cited......Page 26
Physical Chemical Properties of Seawater......Page 31
Properties of Ionic Solutes in Seawater......Page 36
The Composition of Estuarine Waters......Page 44
The Density of River and Estuarine Waters......Page 45
The Speciation of Major and Minor Ions in River Waters......Page 54
Literature Cited......Page 58
3 Redox Reactions and Solution Complexes of Iron in Marine Systems......Page 62
Solution Equilibria of Ferrous Ions......Page 64
Solution Equilibria of Ferric Ions......Page 71
Redox Equilibria of Fe(ll) and Fe(lll)......Page 76
Kinetics of Ferrous Oxygenation in Natural Waters......Page 77
Summary of Iron Reactions in Marine Waters......Page 81
Literature Cited......Page 82
Analytical Data......Page 86
MODEL CALCULATIONS......Page 89
Removal Processes of Shorter Time Scale......Page 96
Abstract......Page 101
Literature Cited......Page 102
5 The Calculation of Chemical Potentials in Natural Waters. Application to Mixed Chloride-Sulfate Solutions......Page 103
Chemical Potentials and Interaction Parameters in mixed-electrolyte solutions.......Page 104
The trace activity coefficient of MSO4 in NaCl solutions.......Page 105
Conclusions......Page 116
Literature Cited......Page 117
6 The Activity of Trace Metals in Artificial Seawater at 25°C......Page 118
Calculation of Activity Coefficients......Page 119
Calculation of the Freezing Point......Page 122
Summary......Page 123
Literature Cited......Page 124
Description of the Hudson Estuary......Page 125
Methane Distribution......Page 128
Radon......Page 130
Discussion......Page 133
Acknowledgements......Page 136
Literature Cited......Page 137
8 Processes Affecting the Transport of Materials from Continents to Oceans......Page 139
A. Dissolved......Page 140
B. Particulate......Page 141
Biogeochemical Processes in Estuaries......Page 148
Remobilization of Trace Metals in Sediment Pore Waters......Page 151
Conclusions......Page 154
Literature Cited......Page 156
9 A Field Study of Chemical Budgets for a Small Tidal Creek—Charleston Harbor, S.C.......Page 158
Literature Cited......Page 178
10 Processes Affecting the Vertical Distribution of Trace Components in the Chesapeake Bay......Page 182
Biological Processes......Page 183
Chemical Processes......Page 184
Conclusions......Page 189
Literature Cited......Page 190
11 An ESCA Study of Sorbed Metal Ions on Clay Minerals......Page 192
Experimental......Page 193
Results and Discussion......Page 199
Abstract......Page 205
Literature Cited......Page 206
The Fate of the Atmospherically-Supplied Pb-210......Page 208
Lead-210 in Ground Waters......Page 210
The Fate of Pb-210 in Streams......Page 211
Lead-210 in Estuaries: An Example from the Long Island Sound......Page 212
Acknowlegements......Page 215
Literature Cited......Page 216
13 Origin and Distributions of Low Molecular Weight Hydrocarbons in Gulf of Mexico Coastal Waters......Page 217
Procedures......Page 218
Results and Discussion......Page 219
Literature Cited......Page 235
14 Genesis and Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Environments......Page 237
Biogenesis......Page 241
Biological Markers......Page 242
Geological Fence......Page 247
Molecular Diagenesis......Page 254
Microbial Modification......Page 259
Biochemical Degradation......Page 265
Literature Cited......Page 270
15 A Comparison of Analysis Methods for Hydrocarbons in Surface Sediments......Page 273
Methods......Page 275
Results and Discussion......Page 278
Literature Cited......Page 289
16 Lipid Geochemistry of Recent Sediments from the Great Marsh, Lewes, Delaware......Page 291
Study Area and Sample Collection......Page 292
Analytical Procedures......Page 294
Results and Discussion......Page 295
Summary......Page 305
Literature Cited......Page 307
17 Chemical Factors Influencing Metal Alkylation in Water......Page 310
Experimental......Page 311
Results and Discussion......Page 314
Literature Cited......Page 323
Acknowledgements......Page 324
18 Chemical and Bacterial Cycling of Heavy Metals in the Estuarine System......Page 325
Distribution and Speciation of Heavy Metals in the Estuarine System......Page 328
Biotic and Abiotic Transformations of Metals......Page 336
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......Page 343
Experimental Procedures......Page 344
LITERATURE CITED......Page 346
Nature of the Study......Page 349
Results and Discussion......Page 350
Conclusions......Page 366
Literature Cited......Page 368
20 A Model for the Control of Dissolved Manganese in the Interstitial Waters of Chesapeake Bay......Page 370
Field Study and Methods......Page 371
Results and Discussion......Page 373
Acknowledgements......Page 385
Literature Cited......Page 386
Experimental......Page 388
Results and Discussion......Page 392
Conclusions......Page 397
Abstract......Page 398
Literature Cited......Page 399
Sources of Waste Solids......Page 400
Waste Disposal Sites......Page 401
Natural Sediment Sources......Page 402
Impact of Dredged Waste Disposal......Page 405
Trends in Ocean Disposal Operations......Page 406
Literature Cited......Page 410
23 Industrial Viewpoint on Ocean Disposal......Page 412
24 Sludge Disposal and the Coastal Metropolis......Page 416
ABSTRACT......Page 421
25 Chemical Needs for the Regulation of Ocean Disposal......Page 422
Criteria Development......Page 425
Waste Characterization......Page 426
Assessment of Disposal Site Conditions......Page 427
26 Pollutant Inputs and Distributions off Southern California......Page 430
Acknowledgements......Page 444
Literature Cited......Page 445
27 Use of Silver and Zinc to Trace Sewage Sludge Dispersal in Coastal Waters......Page 446
ANALYSIS......Page 447
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 448
SUMMARY......Page 456
Acknowledgement......Page 457
Literature Cited......Page 458
Sludge Characteristics......Page 459
Alternative Sludge Management Systems......Page 461
Sludge Reclamation......Page 462
Disposal to the Air......Page 464
Disposal to Land......Page 465
People Problems......Page 468
Summary......Page 470
Literature Cited......Page 471
29 Effects of Baled Solid Waste Disposal in the Marine Environment—A Descriptive Model......Page 473
A Commercial Dump—Sequence of Events......Page 474
Input to Dump Model......Page 482
Results of Dump Model......Page 485
Conclusions......Page 488
Abstract......Page 490
Literature Cited......Page 491
30 Pioneering the New Industry of Shrimp Farming......Page 493
Hatching......Page 494
Mother Shrimping......Page 498
Feeding Shrimp in Growing Areas......Page 499
Confining Shrimp to the Growing Areas......Page 502
Harvesting Procedures for Quality Product......Page 505
Outlook......Page 507
Literature Cited......Page 509
Acknowledgement......Page 510
31 Renatured Chitin Fibrils, Films, and Filaments......Page 511
Renatured Chitin Films......Page 512
Renatured Chitin Filaments......Page 519
Literature Cited......Page 522
Process Principles......Page 525
Engineering of Membrane Devices......Page 529
Plant Engineering......Page 535
Feed Water Quality......Page 540
Field Tests of RO Devices......Page 543
RO in the Seawater Desalination Market......Page 548
Acknowledgement......Page 553
Literature Cited......Page 554
33 Marine Anti-corrosive and Anti-fouling Coatings......Page 555
Literature Cited......Page 562
Occurrence......Page 563
Mineralogy......Page 565
Formation......Page 567
Exploration......Page 568
Mining......Page 569
Processing......Page 572
Acknowledgment......Page 575
Literature Cited......Page 576
II. Hydrolytic Transformations......Page 578
III. Chemical Systems......Page 585
IV. Photochemical Systems......Page 592
V. Toxicity of Degradation and Transformation Products......Page 598
ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 599
Literature Cited......Page 600
Origin and Sources of Biodynamic Compounds......Page 602
Diversity and Distribution of Biodynamic Compounds......Page 606
Detection and Identification of Biodynamic Compounds......Page 609
Concluding Remarks......Page 611
Literature Cited......Page 612
37 New England Coastal Waters—An Infinite Estuary......Page 614
Models for conservative and non-conservative properties......Page 615
Relationship between the distribution of salinity and phosphate......Page 616
Non-conservative model for phosphate......Page 617
Implications......Page 620
Abstract......Page 622
Literature cited......Page 623
38 Nutrient Budgets in the Hudson River Estuary......Page 624
Phosphate Distribution......Page 627
Silicate Distribution......Page 631
Conclusions......Page 636
Abstract......Page 639
Literature Cited......Page 640
Acknowledgements......Page 641
39 The Seasonal Variation in Sources, Concentrations, and Impacts of Ammonium in the New York Bight Apex......Page 642
NH4+ Input due to Advective Processes......Page 643
NH4+ Inputs due to Sludge Dumping......Page 659
Discussion and Conclusion......Page 665
Abstract......Page 667
Literature Cited......Page 668
40 The Dynamics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycling in the Open Waters of the Chesapeake Bay......Page 670
LITERATURE CITED......Page 685
41 Gross Analyses of Organic Matter in Seawater: Why, How, and from Where......Page 688
Why Gross Organic Analyses......Page 690
How To Measure......Page 692
From Where......Page 693
Literature Cited......Page 699
B......Page 703
C......Page 704
D......Page 705
F......Page 706
H......Page 707
L......Page 708
M......Page 709
O......Page 710
P......Page 711
R......Page 712
S......Page 713
T......Page 715
Z......Page 716