Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry: A Derivative of the Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences

Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry: A Derivative of Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, 2nd Edition\n......Page 4
Copyright page\n......Page 5
Contents\n......Page 6
Introduction: Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry\n......Page 10
Chemistry of Sea Water\n......Page 12
Acquiring an Ocean......Page 14
The Loss of Water from the Earth’s Surface......Page 15
The Composition of the Oceans......Page 16
Further Reading......Page 17
Technical Challenge......Page 18
Particle Association and Speciation......Page 21
Further Reading......Page 23
Plankton Production......Page 24
River Inputs......Page 25
Further Reading......Page 26
Introduction......Page 28
Distribution in Seawater......Page 29
Chemical Speciation......Page 31
Biological Uptake......Page 33
Metabolic Requirements and their Relation to Other Limiting Resources......Page 35
Biological Feedback on Seawater Chemistry......Page 37
Further Reading......Page 38
The Apparent Rarity of the PGEs in Sea Water......Page 40
Overview of Water Column PGE Data......Page 41
Topics of Special Interest in Marine PGE Research......Page 43
Anthropogenic Release of PGEs to the Marine Environment......Page 48
Further Reading......Page 49
Introduction......Page 50
The Oceanic Distributions......Page 51
Redox Reaction of Ce, and Ce Anomalies......Page 53
Inputs of REEs to the Ocean......Page 56
Particle Reactivity and Mean Oceanic Residence Times of REEs......Page 59
Further Reading......Page 61
Distributions......Page 63
Discussion......Page 72
Conclusion......Page 73
Further Reading......Page 74
Introduction......Page 75
The Elements......Page 76
Further Reading......Page 82
Overview: Transition Metal and Heavy Metal Concentrations and Distributions......Page 83
Speciation......Page 85
How Speciation Relates to Biology......Page 89
Further Reading......Page 90
How are they Found?......Page 92
Controls on Fluid Compositions......Page 94
Observed Fluid Compositions......Page 97
Further Reading......Page 98
Optical Properties of the Abiotic Constituents of Sea Waters......Page 100
Photochemical Production of Reactive Oxygen Species......Page 102
Photochemical Production and Consumption of LMW Organic Compounds and Trace Gases......Page 104
Photochemical Calculations......Page 106
Further Reading......Page 109
Major Nutrients......Page 111
Ocean Regions......Page 112
The Role of Iron......Page 114
Experimental Strategy......Page 115
Experimental Measurements......Page 116
Findings to Date......Page 117
Remaining Questions......Page 120
Further Reading......Page 121
Novel Metabolites and Drug Discovery......Page 123
Marine-derived Nutraceuticals and Food Additives......Page 124
Biocatalysis......Page 127
Microbial Fuel Cells and Biofuels......Page 128
Biomaterials......Page 129
Further Reading......Page 130
Tracers in the Sea\n......Page 132
Definitions and Concepts......Page 134
Isotope Tracers Used......Page 135
Materials and Methods used in Long-term Tracer Studies......Page 136
Results......Page 137
Discussion and Conclusion......Page 143
Further Reading......Page 144
Noble Gases in the Marine Environment......Page 146
Application of the Noble Gases as Tracers......Page 147
Further Reading......Page 149
Introduction: Tritium in the Oceans......Page 150
Tritium-3He Dating in the Ocean......Page 153
Further Reading......Page 157
History and Background......Page 158
Mid-ocean Ridge Helium......Page 160
Hot Spot Helium......Page 163
Further Reading......Page 164
Atmospheric Source......Page 166
CFCs in the Oceans......Page 167
CFC Ages in the Ocean......Page 168
Applications of CFCs to Ocean Processes......Page 171
Further Reading......Page 173
Introduction......Page 174
Distribution in the Marine Environment......Page 176
Further Reading......Page 185
Mixing Experiments in the Deep Ocean......Page 186
Gas Exchange Experiments......Page 188
Small-scale Surface Patch Experiments for Biogeochemical Studies......Page 189
Further Reading......Page 191
Measuring Oceanic Productivity with Tracers......Page 192
Aphotic Zone Oxygen Consumption Rates......Page 193
Seasonal Euphotic Zone Mass Budgets......Page 194
Tracer Flux-gauge Determinations......Page 196
Further Reading......Page 198
Introduction......Page 199
Estimating Absolute Velocities and Nutrient Fluxes across Sections......Page 201
Estimating Carbon Export Fluxes with the Adjoint Method......Page 203
Further Reading......Page 209
Relevant Websites......Page 210
Natural Radioactive Species\n......Page 212
The Distribution of Radionuclides of the Uranium Thorium Series in the Ocean......Page 214
Disequilibrium: The Basis for Flux Calculations (Figure 2)\n......Page 215
Summary......Page 223
Further Reading......Page 224
Supply of U/Th Isotopes to the Sea......Page 225
Distribution in the Oceans......Page 227
Further Reading......Page 234
Terrestrial Cosmogenic Isotopes and their Production Rates......Page 236
Pathways of Isotopes to the Oceans and their Approximate Inventories/Concentrations in the Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Sediments......Page 239
Tracers in Oceanography: Why We Need Them and What We Learn From Them......Page 240
Examples of Oceanic Data Derived Using Cosmogenic Tracers......Page 242
Epilogue......Page 243
Further Reading......Page 245
Introduction......Page 246
Sampling and Measurement Techniques......Page 248
Sampling History......Page 249
Delta14C Distribution and Implications for Large-scale Circulation......Page 251
Deep Ocean Mixing and Ventilation Rate, and Residence Time......Page 255
Ocean General Circulation Model Calibration......Page 256
Air-Sea Gas Exchange and Thermocline Ventilation Rate......Page 259
Conclusions......Page 260
Further Reading......Page 261
Introduction......Page 262
14C Systematics......Page 263
14C Distribution in the Geosphere......Page 264
Compound-specific 14C Analysis: Methods......Page 265
Examples of Applications......Page 268
Further Reading......Page 270
Pollution of the Oceans\n......Page 272
Global Marine Pollution......Page 274
Further Reading......Page 275
Introduction......Page 276
Anthropogenic and Natural Inputs......Page 277
Distributions......Page 278
Environmental Impact......Page 280
Human Health......Page 281
Further Reading......Page 282
Anthropogenic Lead in the Ocean......Page 284
Anthropogenic Mercury in the Ocean......Page 287
Conclusions......Page 289
Further Reading......Page 290
Estimating Atmospheric Contaminant Deposition......Page 292
Atmospheric Deposition to Estuaries and the Coastal Ocean......Page 293
Atmospheric Deposition to the Open Ocean......Page 296
Conclusions......Page 300
Further Reading......Page 301
Introduction......Page 302
Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing and Resulting Tracer Releases......Page 303
The Use of Reprocessing Releases in Oceanography......Page 306
Conclusions......Page 307
Further Reading\n......Page 308
The Sources......Page 309
Discussion......Page 314
Conclusion......Page 315
Further Reading......Page 316
Introduction: Definitions......Page 317
Hypoxic Systems......Page 318
Historical Change in Oxygen Conditions......Page 321
Consequences......Page 322
Relevant Websites......Page 325
Introduction......Page 326
Capacity......Page 327
Effectiveness......Page 328
Injection Methods......Page 329
Further Reading......Page 331
Marine Deposits\n......Page 334
Ferromanganese Deposits......Page 336
Phosphorites......Page 341
Marine Barite and Authigenic Silicates......Page 342
Further Reading......Page 346
Carbonate Producers......Page 347
Carbonate Distribution and Dissolution......Page 348
Basin-to-basin Fractionation in the Modern Ocean......Page 352
Temporal Changes in Carbonate Accumulation and Preservation......Page 353
Seafloor Diagenesis......Page 354
Further Reading......Page 355
General Distribution and Significance......Page 357
Marine Autochthonous Processes......Page 359
Paleoenvironmental Expression......Page 363
Further Reading......Page 365
Introduction......Page 366
Magma Generation......Page 367
Mid-ocean Ridge Basalt Composition......Page 368
Mineralogy of Mid-ocean Ridge Basalts......Page 371
Chemical Variability......Page 372
Further Reading......Page 375
Introduction......Page 377
Internal Structure......Page 378
Distribution of Manganese Nodules......Page 379
Compositional Variability of Manganese Nodules......Page 381
Discussion......Page 383
Further Reading......Page 384
Where Deposits Form: Geologic Controls......Page 385
Structures, Morphologies, and Sizes of Deposits......Page 386
Elemental and Mineral Compositions of Deposits......Page 388
Fossil Record of Hydrothermal Vent Organisms......Page 390
Further Reading......Page 391
Reasons to Study Pore Water Composition......Page 392
Sampling Techniques......Page 393
Diagenetic Reactions and Biogeochemical Zonation......Page 394
Diagenetic Modeling......Page 396
Further Reading......Page 399
Morphological and Taxonomic Diversity......Page 401
Methodology......Page 402
Ecology......Page 404
Deep-Sea Foraminifera in Paleo-Oceanography......Page 410
Further Reading......Page 412
Introduction......Page 413
Species and Distribution......Page 414
Life Cycle......Page 416
Ecological Niche......Page 417
Biogeochemical Impacts......Page 418
The Past......Page 419
Further Reading......Page 420
Relevant Websites......Page 421
Oxygen Isotope Paleothermometry......Page 422
delta18O Variation in the Natural Environment......Page 423
Spatial Variations in delta18Owater of Modern Sea Water......Page 424
Pleistocene Oxygen Isotope Variations......Page 425
Cenozoic delta18O Records......Page 426
The Ice House World of the Last 33 Million Years......Page 429
Mechanisms for Climate Change......Page 431
Further Reading......Page 432
Coral Biology......Page 434
The Interpretation of Isotopes, Trace Elements, and Minor Elements in Corals......Page 435
Coral Records: What has been Learned About Climate From Corals?......Page 437
Deep-sea Corals......Page 441
Further Reading......Page 442
Brief History of the Astronomical Theory......Page 444
Orbital Parameters and Insolation......Page 445
Plio-Pleistocene Glacial Cycles......Page 447
Modeling the Glacial Cycles......Page 449
Summary......Page 452
Further Reading......Page 453
Coastal Ocean\n......Page 454
Introduction......Page 456
Oxidation/Reduction Reactions......Page 457
Authigenic Mineral Formation......Page 460
Elemental Cycling within Estuarine and Coastal Sediments......Page 463
The Effect of Sedimentary Redox Cycling on Nutrient Cycles......Page 464
Contaminant Cycling: Anthropogenic Metals......Page 466
Further Reading......Page 467
Quantity and Quality of Fluvial Discharge......Page 468
Fluvial Discharge to the Global Ocean......Page 471
Changes in Fluvial Processes and Fluxes - Natural and Anthropogenic......Page 472
Further Reading......Page 474
Basics of Groundwater Flow......Page 476
Groundwater Flow at the Coast......Page 477
Detecting and Quantifying Submarine Groundwater Discharge......Page 478
Geochemistry of the Subterranean Estuary......Page 482
Further Reading......Page 484
Models of Gas Exchange......Page 486
Direct Gas Exchange Measurements......Page 487
Individual Gases......Page 488
Further Reading......Page 492
Cycles of the Nuclides\n......Page 494
The Changing Picture of Land-Sea Global Transfers......Page 496
The Coastal Zone and Land-Sea Exchange Fluxes......Page 498
Anticipated Response to Heightened Human Perturbation: The Asian Scenario......Page 503
Further Reading......Page 505
Global Carbon Cycle......Page 506
Oceanic Carbon Cycle......Page 507
Solubility and Exchange of CO2 between the Ocean and Atmosphere......Page 508
The Biological Pump......Page 510
Further Reading......Page 515
Introduction......Page 516
Methods......Page 517
CO2 Sink/Source Areas of the Global Ocean......Page 518
Net CO2 Flux Across the Sea Surface......Page 520
Further Reading......Page 523
Introduction......Page 524
Ocean Circulation and Biogeochemical Models......Page 526
Models as Research Tools......Page 531
Further Reading......Page 532
Relevant Websites......Page 533
Indicators of Atmospheric CO2 Change......Page 534
Carbon Cycle Changes and Processes Involved......Page 535
Modelling: An Attempt to Integrate the Records into a Unified Framework......Page 539
Further Reading......Page 542
Distribution of Silicate in the Marine Environment......Page 544
The Marine Silica Cycle......Page 546
Biogenic Silica Preservation......Page 548
Biogenic Silica in Marine Sediments......Page 549
Measuring Rates of Processes in the Marine Silica Cycle......Page 550
Further Reading......Page 551
Components of the Marine Nitrogen Cycle......Page 552
Nitrogen Distributions in the Sea......Page 555
Nitrogen Cycle and Ocean Productivity......Page 558
Further Reading......Page 559
Measurements......Page 560
Models......Page 561
Processes......Page 562
Nitrogen Reservoirs......Page 566
Concluding Remarks......Page 573
Further Reading......Page 574
Oxygen Isotopes in the Ocean......Page 575
Further Reading......Page 576
Further Reading......Page 577
Introduction......Page 578
Topics of Special Interest in Marine Phosphorus Research......Page 584
Summary......Page 589
Further Reading......Page 590
Air Sea Exchanges\n......Page 592
Air-Sea Transfer: Dimethyl Sulfide, COS, CS2, NH4, Non-methane Hydrocarbons, Organo-halogens......Page 594
Dimethylsulfide......Page 595
Carbon Disulfide......Page 596
Ammonia......Page 597
Organohalogens......Page 598
Further Reading......Page 599
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)......Page 600
Nitric Oxide (NO)......Page 602
Methane (CH4)......Page 603
Carbon Monoxide (CO)......Page 604
Air-Sea Exchange of Trace Gases......Page 606
Further Reading......Page 607
Appendices\n......Page 608
Appendix 1. Periodic Table of the Elements......Page 610
Appendix 2. The Geologic Time Scale......Page 611
Appendix 3. Estimated Mean Oceanic Concentrations of the Elements......Page 612
Index\n......Page 616