Marine Bioactive Molecules for Biomedical and Pharmacotherapeutic Applications

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Book
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Abbreviations
1: New Vistas and Frontiers of Marine Bioactive Molecules in Biomedical and Pharmacotherapeutic Applications
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Marine Bioactive Natural Compounds
	1.3 Bioprospection of Marine-Derived Bioactive Metabolites
	1.4 Sustainable Exploitation of the Marine Environment
	1.5 Marine Environment in Pharmacological and Biomedical Applications
		1.5.1 Marine Bacteria
		1.5.2 Marine Fungi
		1.5.3 Macroalgae
		1.5.4 Marine Collagen
		1.5.5 Marine Peptides
	1.6 Limitations on Bioactive Metabolite Research
	1.7 The Way Forward
	1.8 Future Perspective and Conclusions
	References
2: Bioprospection of Marine Sponge Microbiome for Bioactive Metabolites Employing Advanced Metagenomics Tools
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Marine Sponges
	2.3 Marine Microbes Associated with Marine Sponges
	2.4 Secondary Metabolites Produced by Sponge Microbiome
	2.5 Culture-Dependent Methods
	2.6 Culture-Independent Methods
		2.6.1 The Methodology in Metagenomics Is as Follows
			2.6.1.1 Extraction of eDNA
			2.6.1.2 eDNA Digestion
			2.6.1.3 Library Construction and Transfection in Host
			2.6.1.4 Replication of DNA Inserts in Host
		2.6.2 The Detection of Novel Natural Products: Based on the Sequence-Based Mining
			2.6.2.1 Sequence-Based Screening/PCR or Probe-Based Screening
			2.6.2.2 Function-Based Screening
		2.6.3 Advantages of Functional Screening Method
		2.6.4 Limitation of Functional Screening Method
	2.7 Bioinformatics with Metagenomics
	2.8 Conclusions
	References
3: Biomedical Applications of Marine Biopolymers in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Marine Biopolymers in TERM
	3.3 Tissue Engineering: Perspectives of Marine Biopolymers
		3.3.1 Fucoidan
		3.3.2 Carrageenan
		3.3.3 Chitosan
		3.3.4 Role of Alginate in Wound Healing
	3.4 Conclusions
	References
4: Metagenome Mining Approaches for the Discovery of Marine Microbial Natural Products
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Marine Sources of Natural Products
		4.2.1 Marine Archaea and Bacteria
		4.2.2 Marine Fungi
		4.2.3 Marine Microalgae
	4.3 Metagenomics for Marine Natural Product Discovery
	4.4 Metagenomics as a Strategy
		4.4.1 Environmental DNA (eDNA) Extraction/Isolation
		4.4.2 Metagenomic Techniques for Creating and Screening Libraries
			4.4.2.1 Function-Based Metagenomic Screening
			4.4.2.2 Sequence-Based Metagenomic Screening
			4.4.2.3 High-Throughput Metagenomic Sequencing
	4.5 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
5: Marine Derived Pharmaceuticals in Biomedical Research: Current Developments and Future Prospects
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 History
	5.3 Marine Pharmacology in India
	5.4 Marine Drug Development
		5.4.1 Biomedical Applications of Marine-Derived Pharmaceuticals
	5.5 Marine Compounds as Cytostatic Drugs
		5.5.1 Anticancer Bioactive Antibiotics Derived from Marine Sources
	5.6 Marine Compounds as Antiviral Drugs
		5.6.1 Drug and Gene Delivery
		5.6.2 Future Perspectives and Conclusions
	References
6: Marine Polysaccharides: Prospects for Nanostructures Preparation and Their Exploitation in Cancer Therapy
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Marine Polysaccharides Structures
	6.3 Nanoparticles Synthesis from Different Marine Polysaccharides
	6.4 Nanostructures from Marine Polysaccharides and Anti-cancer Activity
		6.4.1 Chitosan Nanoparticles
		6.4.2 Alginate Nanoparticles
		6.4.3 Fucoidan Nanoparticles
		6.4.4 Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles
	6.5 Conclusions
	References
7: Marine Microbial Cell Mediated Nanomaterials Synthesis: Prospectus, Current Development and Challenges
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Methods of Nanomaterial Synthesis
	7.3 A Role of Biomolecules Obtained from Marine Microbes for Nanomaterials Synthesis
		7.3.1 Marine Bacterial Biomolecules Source for Green NPs Synthesis
		7.3.2 Marine Fungal Biomolecules Source for Green NPs Synthesis
		7.3.3 Marine Algal Source for Green Nanoparticle Synthesis
	7.4 Mode of Action of Metallic NPs
	7.5 Biomedical Applications of Metallic NPs
		7.5.1 Antimicrobial Activity of NPS
			7.5.1.1 Antibacterial Activity of NPs
			7.5.1.2 Antifungal Activity of NPs
		7.5.2 Anticancer Activity of Metallic NPs
		7.5.3 Use of NPs in Medical Imaging
		7.5.4 Metallic NPs Based Biosensors
	7.6 Challenges in Nanomedicines Preparation
	7.7 Conclusions
	References
8: A Potent Drug l-Asparaginase from Marine Origins: A Comprehensive Review
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Marine Sources of l-Asparaginase
	8.3 Bioprocess Techniques for Marine-Derived l-Asparaginase
		8.3.1 Upstream Processing
			8.3.1.1 Temperature
			8.3.1.2 pH
			8.3.1.3 Fermentation Medium
			8.3.1.4 Carbon Source
			8.3.1.5 Incubation Time
			8.3.1.6 Agitation Rate
		8.3.2 Fermentation Techniques
			8.3.2.1 Submerged Fermentation
			8.3.2.2 Solid-State Fermentation
		8.3.3 Downstream Processing
			8.3.3.1 Non-chromatographic Process
				Cell Disruption Techniques
				Ultrafiltration and Centrifugation
				Protein Precipitation
				Liquid-Liquid Extraction
			8.3.3.2 Chromatographic Process
				Ion Exchange Chromatography
				Gel Filtration Chromatography
		8.3.4 Purity Analysis of l-Asparaginase
			8.3.4.1 SDS-PAGE Analysis
			8.3.4.2 UPLC Analysis
			8.3.4.3 DLS-ZP Analysis
			8.3.4.4 DSC-TGA
	8.4 Conclusion
	References
9: Marine Environment: A Treasure Trove of Natural Polymers for Tissue Engineering
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Marine-Derived Polysaccharide-Based Polymers
		9.2.1 Agarose
		9.2.2 Alginate
		9.2.3 Cellulose and Ulvans
		9.2.4 Chitin and Chitosan
		9.2.5 Chondroitin Sulfate
		9.2.6 Hyaluronic Acid
		9.2.7 Carrageenan
	9.3 Marine-Derived Protein-Based Polymers
		9.3.1 Collagen
		9.3.2 Gelatin
	9.4 Other Marine-Derived Biopolymers
		9.4.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
		9.4.2 Biosilica or Bioglass
	9.5 Conclusion
	References
10: Exploration of Bioactive Functional Molecules from Marine Algae: Challenges and Applications in Nutraceuticals
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Marine Algae-Derived Carbohydrates and Polysaccharides
	10.3 Marine Algae Is a Source of Essential Fatty Acids
	10.4 Marine Algae-Derived Essential Proteins and Pigments
	10.5 Marine Algae-Derived Phenolic Compounds and Minerals
	10.6 Marine Algae Are Sources of Vitamins
	10.7 Conclusion
	References
11: Properties of Violacein: A Promising Natural Pharmaceutical Secondary Metabolite from Marine Environment with Emphasis on ...
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Characteristics of Violacein
	11.3 Violacein Production
		11.3.1 Genes Involved in Violacein Production
		11.3.2 Violacein Biosynthetic Pathway
		11.3.3 Regulation of Violacein Production
	11.4 Bacteria Producing Violacein
	11.5 Factors Affecting Violacein Production
		11.5.1 Carbon Source
		11.5.2 pH
		11.5.3 Temperature
		11.5.4 Rate of Agitation
		11.5.5 Incubation Time
	11.6 Pharmaceutical Properties of Violacein
		11.6.1 Antibacterial
		11.6.2 Antiviral
		11.6.3 Antifungal
		11.6.4 Antiparasitic
		11.6.5 Immunomodulatory and Immunostimulatory
		11.6.6 Antioxidant
	11.7 Anticancer Properties of Violacein
		11.7.1 Development of Cancer
			11.7.1.1 Cell Cycle Regulation
			11.7.1.2 Tumor Suppressor Proteins
		11.7.2 Mechanism of Violacein Action
			11.7.2.1 By Inducing Apoptosis in Cancerous Cells
			11.7.2.2 By Inhibiting Proliferation of Tumors
			11.7.2.3 By Caspase Activity
			11.7.2.4 By Exhibiting Cytotoxic Effects
			11.7.2.5 By Displaying Anti-inflammatory Effect
			11.7.2.6 By Persuading Stress
	11.8 Conclusion
	References
12: Exploitation of Marine-Derived Multifunctional Biomaterials in Biomedical Engineering and Drug Delivery
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 List of Marine Biomaterials
		12.2.1 Alginate
		12.2.2 Carrageenan
		12.2.3 Chitosan
		12.2.4 Agar
		12.2.5 Collagen
		12.2.6 Hyaluronic Acid (HA)
		12.2.7 Ulvan
		12.2.8 Fucoidan
		12.2.9 Fibrin and Fibrinogen
		12.2.10 Keratin
		12.2.11 Carboxymethyl Cellulose
	12.3 Applications of Marine Biomaterials
		12.3.1 Drug Delivery Systems
			12.3.1.1 Liposome-Based Drug Delivery
				Marine Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering
			12.3.1.2 3D Printing
			12.3.1.3 Dentistry
			12.3.1.4 Cartilage Tissue Engineering
			12.3.1.5 Wound Healing
		12.3.2 Diabetes
		12.3.3 Bioactive Properties
	12.4 Conclusion
	References
13: Marine Phytoplankton: Bioactive Compounds and Their Applications in Medicine
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Nutraceuticals
		13.2.1 Pigments
		13.2.2 Fatty Acids and Lipids
		13.2.3 Vitamins and Minerals
		13.2.4 Proteins
		13.2.5 Polysaccharides
			13.2.5.1 Fucoidan
			13.2.5.2 Alginic Acid
			13.2.5.3 Laminarin
		13.2.6 Phlorotannins
		13.2.7 Alkaloids
	13.3 Pharmaceuticals
		13.3.1 Anticancer Activity
		13.3.2 Antiviral Activity
		13.3.3 Antibacterial Activity
		13.3.4 Antiprotozoal Activity
		13.3.5 Wound Dressing Materials
	13.4 Cosmeceuticals
		13.4.1 Applications in Antiaging Products
		13.4.2 Applications in Photo-protectants
	13.5 Aquaculture
	13.6 Conclusion
	References
14: Neuroactive Peptides and Neuroprotective Molecules from Marine Sponges and Associated Bacteria: An Untapped Resource for S...
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Sponge-Derived AChE Inhibitors
	14.3 Sponge-Derived Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors
	14.4 Role of Peptides on Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
	14.5 Beta-Amyloid Cleaving Enzyme (BACE)-1 Inhibitors Obtained from Marine Sponges
	14.6 Serotonin, Glutamate, Nitric Oxide, and Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)nergic Inhibitors Isolated from Marine Sponges
	14.7 N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors and Other Secondary Metabolites Inhibiting Neural Outgrowth
	14.8 Neuroactive Peptides Isolated from Marine Sponge-Associated Microorganisms
	14.9 Conclusion
	References