Marginality and Exclusion in Egypt

About the editors......Page 2
Figures......Page 7
Table 3.1 Growth in real GDP per capita in the Arab Near East......Page 43
Table 3.2 List of selected conflicts and wars in the Mashreq region......Page 52
Table 3.3 Military spending as a percentage of GDP for selected Arab countries, 1988–2005......Page 53
Table 11.2 Type of technical secondary school attended by year......Page 211
Table 11.4 Type of higher education attended by type of secondary completed, age 25–29, 2006......Page 212
Table 11.5 Type of higher education attended by type of secondary school completed and wealth quintiles, young people, age 19–23, 2006......Page 216
Figure 5.1 Evolution of the number and area of farms in Egypt of less than one feddan, 1982, 1990, 2000......Page 90
Figure 5.3 Evolution of the area of farms in Egypt classified into area categories, 1982, 1990, 2000......Page 91
Figure 5.5 Evolution of the area of owned and rented farms in Egypt, 1982, 1990, 2000......Page 92
Figure 11.1 The structure of the education system in Egypt......Page 209
Measures......Page 8
Acknowledgements......Page 9
PART ONE Marginality, poverty and political economy......Page 10
1 | Introduction: Marginality and exclusion in Egypt and the Middle East......Page 12
References......Page 21
Introduction......Page 23
The term and its trajectory......Page 24
Marginality and modernity......Page 25
Marginality and capitalism......Page 26
Curse or cure?......Page 29
Notes......Page 35
References......Page 36
3 | Accumulation by encroachment in the 
Arab Mashreq......Page 37
The Arab Near East......Page 40
An inherently comprador ruling class......Page 45
The casus belli......Page 48
Evolving conditions......Page 51
Peripheralization in the Arab Near East......Page 54
A post-revolutionary age?......Page 57
References......Page 59
PART TWO Creating and reproducing 
marginality......Page 62
Introduction......Page 64
Poverty in the Middle East......Page 66
Egypt......Page 68
The (re)production of poverty......Page 70
Conclusion......Page 74
Notes......Page 77
References......Page 78
Introduction......Page 81
Social marginalization in Egypt......Page 85
Economic liberalization and the marginalization of Egypt’s peasants......Page 88
Law 96 of 1992: the revenge of large landowners and the marginalization of small farmers and tenants......Page 89
Land fragmentation and peasant marginalization in Egypt......Page 93
Near-landless – less than two feddans: the losers......Page 94
The Tunisian south-east: social and spatial marginalization......Page 95
Oasis in danger: from palms to concrete......Page 98
Agribusiness marginalizes small farmers and reduces local biodiversity......Page 99
Conclusion......Page 102
References......Page 103
6 | Margins and frontiers......Page 106
Intellectuals and lifestyle choices......Page 107
The Nagada story3......Page 111
Ascribed marginality: the Upper Egyptian low-status tribe......Page 114
References......Page 119
Introduction......Page 121
Sitta October......Page 123
Debt and the city......Page 126
Struggles over transport......Page 128
Spatial marginality and livelihoods......Page 136
Notes......Page 139
References......Page 140
8 | Against marginalization: workers, youth and class in the 25 January revolution......Page 142
Policed neoliberalism......Page 143
Trade unions, workers and the struggles for justice......Page 149
Class and revolution......Page 152
Conclusion......Page 154
References......Page 155
Introduction......Page 157
The geographical targeting approach to poverty reduction......Page 158
Poverty mapping trials in Egypt......Page 159
Determining poor areas......Page 160
Egypt’s poverty map in 2007......Page 161
Geographical targeting and social policies in Egypt......Page 163
Targeting the poorest 1,000 villages: project design and implementation......Page 164
Geographical targeting of poverty: Asyut governorate......Page 165
Project operational structure in Asyut......Page 166
Administrative and local power......Page 167
The village and targeting......Page 168
Data validity and reliability......Page 169
Poverty relief projects......Page 170
Local definitions of poverty......Page 172
Conclusion......Page 173
Notes......Page 174
References ......Page 175
Introduction......Page 178
Street children......Page 179
Participatory action research (PAR)......Page 180
Methodological challenges......Page 182
Invisible others: the gatekeepers......Page 186
Managing emotions: fear and prejudice......Page 187
Witnessing destitution......Page 188
Sensitive issues: drug consumption and sexuality......Page 189
Silent practices......Page 192
Violence......Page 195
Conclusion......Page 196
References......Page 198
Introduction......Page 200
The 1952 revolution and education......Page 201
Problems of education: marginality and inequality......Page 204
Chronic problems of technical education......Page 214
Recent developments......Page 217
Conclusion......Page 221
Notes......Page 223
References......Page 224
Reveal or conceal?: disability figures in Egypt......Page 228
The services provided by governmental and non-governmental institutions......Page 230
Governmental institutions......Page 231
Non-governmental institutions......Page 235
Legislation......Page 237
The boiling point: pre-revolutionary and revolutionary times......Page 240
References......Page 241
Contributors......Page 245
Index......Page 247
About Zed Books......Page 257