Manufacturing Technology Transfer: A Japanese Monozukuri View of Needs and Strategies

Manufacturing Industry 
The Machine Tool Manufacturing Process 
     Design 
     Production Engineering 
     Machining 
     Assembly 
Information and Object Flows in Manufacturing 
Compatible Manufacturing Methods 
Changes in Processing Accuracy 
Classification of Manufacturing Industry and Products by Number of Parts and Processing Accuracy 
Industrial Field and the Type of Technical Skill Required 
Abilities Required by Engineers and Technicians 
Discussion Questions 
Learning Curves and Their Utilization 
The Learning Curve 
Engineering Equivalents to the Learning Curve 
Specification of Skill Levels by Means of Learning Curves 
     Specification of Skill Levels and Its Benefits 
     Individual Learning Curves and Learning Curves According to Work 
     Evaluation of Individual Skill Levels 
     Evaluating a Company’s Technical Competence 
     Learning Curves and the Lifetime Employment System
Industry Field Surveys
     Skill Levels and Learning Times
     Age and Service Years of Staff
     Companies’ Technical/Skill Level Estimated from Service Years
Skill Level and Standard Deviation
     Proficiency Measurement
     Skill Level and Standard Deviation
Discussion Questions
Skill Transfer in Manufacturing Industries
Technology and Skill Transfer
     Skill Transfer from the Time of Chuang Tzu
      Technical Skill Classification
      The Teaching of Technical Skills
      Learning Curve Time Reduction
          The Early Period
          The Fast Learning Period
          The Maturity Period
Work De-Skilling
     Historical Examples
     Limits to De-Skilling
     Mechanization and Automation of Skillful Work
     Skill Level and Automation
The Security of Technology Transfer
      Human Resources
     Material Things
     Information
Turnover Rate and Technology/Skill Transfer
Discussion Questions
Virtual Manufacturing to Speed Up Learning
Hand Scraping
An Experimental Study of Expert Scraping Judgments
Hand Scraping Strategy
Computer Simulation of Scraping
     High-Point Marking
     Interpretation and Judgment
     Scraping
Computer Simulation and Education
Discussion Questions
Production Management and Technology Transfer in Manufacturing
Production Management
     Production Activities and Management
     Production Systems and Their Features
The Product Life Cycle
     Management Technologies in the Product Life Cycle
     Production Strategy in the Product Life Cycle
Technology Transfer and Management of Technology
     Appropriate Technology Transfer and the Role of Management
     Importance of State of Development
     Importance of Human Resources
     Importance of Market Competition
     Importance of Strategic Factors
     Technology Strategy and Issues of Management Technology
          Offensive Strategy
          Defensive Strategy
          Imitative Strategy
          Dependent Strategy
          Traditional Strategy
          Opportunity Strategy
     Strategic Technology Transfer and Sustainable Development
Discussion Questions
Overseas Expansion and Technology Transfer
Special Features of Technology Transfer Overseas
Historical Background to Overseas Technology Transfer
Overseas Expansion and Conditions of Technology Transfer
     Strategy in Technology Transfer
     Statistics of Overseas Expansion
     The Content of Technology Transfer
     Important Considerations in Overseas Technology Transfer
     Procedures of Technology Transfer
Future Trends in Overseas Technology Transfer
Discussion Questions
Technology Transfer and Legal Affairs
Function of Legal Affairs in Technology Transfer
Example Framework of Agreement Covering Technology Transfer
     The States of Technology Transfer
     The Basic Agreement
     The Technological License Agreement
     The Technical Staff Dispatch Agreement
     The Technical and Operation Staff Training Agreement
     The Engineering Agreement
     The Plant Construction Agreement
     The Machinery Procurement Agreement
Common Points to Note in the Various Agreements’ Legal Affairs Articles
     Party to the Agreement
     Signer to the Agreement
     Effective Period
     Agreement Transfer (Assignment)
     Governing Law
     Controlling Text
     Entire Agreement
     Supplement to or Amendment of Agreement
     Force Majeure
     Termination of Agreement
     Settlement of Disputes
     Arbitration
Discussion Questions
Technology Transfer from Participants’ Viewpoints
Background of Technology Transfer
     The Scope of This Chapter
     Japan’s Needs for Technology Transfer
     Asian Nations’ Needs for Technology Transfer
New Technology Transfer—Issues That Should Be Tackled
A Technology Transfer Survey
     Purpose of the Investigation
     Survey Outline
Results from the Survey
     Issues as Seen by Receiving Sides
     Issues as Seen by Transferring Sides
     Country-Specific Issues
Road Map for Resolving Problems
     Differences between the Transferring and Receiving Sides
     Issues Arising at the Individual Level
          Cause 1: The Personality of the Individual in Charge
          Cause 2: Not Understanding the Technology Transfer Agreement and Its Range
          Cause 3: A Language Barrier
          Cause 4: Insufficient Basic Learning and Skills on the Receiving Side; and also
          Cause 5: Inherent Problems in the Transfer Process
     Issues Arising at Transferring Company Level
          Cause 1: Unclear Agreement Documents and Lack of Mutual Understanding
          Cause 2: Inadequate Risk Management
          Cause 3: Agreement Documents Not Anticipating All Problems
          Cause 4: Difficulties in the Management of Technology (MOT)  
     Issues Arising at an Educational Level
          Cause 1: Insufficient Basic Education
          Cause 2: Shortage of Cultural Exchange Education
          Cause 3: A Language Barrier
     Issues Arising at Local and National Levels
          Cause 1: The Business Environment and Laws of the Receiving Country
          Cause 2: Insufficient National Support
     Communication and Language Barriers
Discussion Questions
Overseas Expansion Technology Decision Making
Overseas Expansion and the Learning Curve
     A Way of Thinking to Underpin Overseas Expansion
     Is the Learning Speed Different Overseas?
     Decisions to Be Made When Expanding Overseas
Problems after Transfer
Overseas Expansion Decision Making Using Block Diagrams
     Benefits of Block Diagrams
     A Costing Example, with Quality and Defect Rate Constraints
Discussion Questions
Example of Shipbuilding Industry in Overseas Technology Transfer
General Survey of Shipbuilding Transfers and Selection of Successful and Unsuccessful Cases
     Comparison Measures
     Survey Results
     Selections of Successful and Unsuccessful Cases
Case Study 1: Tsuneishi Heavy Industries
     Background to Overseas Expansion
     Selection of the Place
      Selection of Local Partners
     Technology Transfer in THI
Case Study 2: Technical Cooperation in Shipbuilding to Indonesia
     Outline of Indonesia’s Shipbuilding Industry
     Development of Indonesian Shipbuilding Industry
          An Initial Success Story (the Origin of the Indonesian Shipbuilding Industry)
          The Caraka Jaya, Mina Jaya, and Other Projects
          Japanese Assistance to Indonesian Shipbuilding Industry
     Problems of Indonesian Shipbuilding Development
          Problems of National Projects
          Problems of Alienation from the Needs of the Shipping Industry
          Management Problems
          Methods for Introduction of Technology
Conclusion
     Tacit Knowledge
     Construction Strategies
     Supply Chain Problems
     Motivation and Management Problems
Discussion Questions
Example of Overseas Expansion (Food Machinery)
The Subsidiary Companies’ Products
Manufacturing Effectiveness and Costs
Other Factors to Consider
Overseas Expansion Example: Thailand
Summary
Discussion Questions
Index