Manual Of Pediatric Neurology

CONTENTS
Preface
Contributors
Chapter 1. Diagnosis and Classification of Seizures and Epilepsy Syndromes Jorge Vidaurre and Anup Patel
	Introduction
	Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy
		Other idiopathic generalized syndromes that share similar seizure types are
			Childhood absence epilepsy
			Juvenile absence epilepsy
			Epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures on awakening (Epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures alone under the new terminology)
	Symptomatic Generalized Epilepsy
		Other syndromes to consider in this category are
		Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
		Myoclonic astatic epilepsy or epilepsy with myoclonic astatic seizures (Epilepsy with myoclonic atonic seizures under the new terminology)
		There are other specific syndromes that deserve special consideration: Severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (SMEI)
	Epilepsy with Continuous Spike-and-Wave Discharges during Slow-Wave Sleep (CSWS) or Encephalopathy with Electrical Status Epilepticus during Slow-Wave Sleep (ESES)
		Landau Kleffner syndrome
	Focal Idiopathic Epilepsy
		Panayiotopoulos type
		Gastaut type
	References
Chapter 2. Treatment of Seizures and Epilepsy Syndromes Anup Patel and Jorge Vidaurre
	Introduction
	Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
		Valproic acid
		Levetiracetam
		Lamotrigine
		Topiramate
		Zonisamide
		Clonazepam
	Childhood Absence Epilepsy
		Ethosuximide
	Benign Rolandic Epilepsy
		Carbamazepine
		Oxcarbazepine
		Phenytoin
	Infantile Spasms
		Adrenocorticotropic hormone
		Vigabatrin
		Ketogenic diet
		Topiramate
	Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
		Rufinamide
		Felbamate
	SevereMyoclonic Epilepsy
		Clobazam
		Stiropental
	References
Chapter 3. Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus Jorge Vidaurre and Anup Patel
	Definition
	Etiology
	Pathophysiology
	Treatment
		Diazepam
		Lorazepam
		Midazolam
	Protocol for SE Management
		Out-of-hospital management where neither intravenous not intraosseus access has been established (Early phase of SE)
		Management in the hospital or the emergency department
		Management in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU)
Chapter 4. Management of Seizures in the Emergency Department Kimberly Scansen
	Status Epilepticus
	Pharmacological Management of a Seizure
	Clinical History
	Differential Diagnosis
	Laboratory and Radiological Tests
	First Steps
	Laboratory and Radiological Tests
	Treatment
	Physical Examination
	Laboratory and Radiological Tests
	References
Chapter 5. Headaches in Children and Adolescents Ann Pakalnis
	Introduction
	Evaluation of the Pediatric Patient with Headaches
	Acute Headaches
	Primary Headache Disorders
		Therapies
			Acute management of migraines
	Tension-Type Headaches
	Chronic Daily Headaches
	References
Chapter 6. Management of Headaches in the Emergency Department Rachel Smitek and Emile El-Shammaa
	Introduction
	Clinical Approach To Evaluating A Child With The Chief Complaint Of Headache
	Which Physical Examination Findings Are Helpful In Reaching A Diagnosis?
		Headache treatment
			Migraine
			Cluster headache
			Tension headaches
			Pseudotumor cerebri
			Posttraumatic headaches
		Patient resources
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter 7. Autism Spectrum Disorders Emily de los Reyes
	Introduction
	Diagnosis
	Psychological Testing
	Co-Morbid Disorders
		Mental retardation
		Epilepsy
	Treatment
	Asperger Syndrome
	Pervasive Developmental Disorders
	Attention Deficit Disorder
	Treatment
	References
Chapter 8. Neurodevelopmental Disorders Emily de los Reyes
	Introduction
		Clinical history
		Physical examination
	Neurogenetics
	References
Chapter 9. Duchene Muscular Dystrophy CY Tsao
	Introduction
	Resources for Patients
	References
Chapter 10. Spinal Muscular Atrophy CY Tsao
	Introduction
	Resources for Patients
	References
Chapter 11. Myasthenia Gravis CY Tsao
	Introduction
	Resources for patients
	References
Chapter 12. Inherited Neuropathies Gloria Galloway
	Introduction
	Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathies (HMSN)
	Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies (HSAN)
	Giant Axonal Neuropathy (GAN)
	Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B
	Infantile and Juvenile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy
	Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy
	Treatment
	References
Chapter 13. Acquired Neuropathies Gloria Galloway
	Acquired Neuropathies
	Neuropathies Associated with Altered Immuno-modulation
	Variants of GBS
		Acute motor-sensory axonal polyneuropathy
		Acute motor axonal polyneuropathy
		Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP)
		Distal-acquired demyelinating symmetric neuropathy (DADS)
		Multifocal motor neuropathy
		Vasculitic neuropathy
	Neuropathies Associated with Infectious Diseases
		Leprosy neuropathy
		HIV and HTLV1
		Lyme infection
	Neuropathies Associated with Autoimmune Connective Tissue Disorders
	Neuropathies Associated with Endocrine Diseases
		Diabetic neuropathy
		Hypothyroidism neuropathy
		Uremic neuropathy
	Neuropathies Secondary to Toxin Exposure
	Neuropathies Associated with Vitamin Deficiencies
	Neuropathies Associated with Malignancies
	References
Chapter 14. Pediatric Stroke Warren Lo
	Introduction
	Clinical Manifestations
		Neonatal AIS
		Childhood AIS
			Anterior circulation infarctions
			Posterior circulation infarctions
			Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
			Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT)
			Presumed perinatal ischemic stroke (PPIS)
			Hemorrhage
	Etiology of Stroke
		Causes of ischemic infarction
		Causes of sinovenous thrombosis
		Causes of hemorrhage
	Diagnostic Evaluation
		Risk factor evaluation
		Radiographic evaluation
	Treatment of Stroke in Children
		Acute management: General measures
		Acute management: To prevent stroke recurrence
		Acute management: Once a source for potential recurrence is identified
			Vasculopathies
		Additional measures for acute arterial ischemic stroke
			Chronic treatment to prevent stroke recurrence in specific conditions
			Chronic management of hemorrhagic stroke
			Trends in rehabilitation
	Schedule for the Dosing of Unfractionated Heparin (UFH)
	Schedule for Antiplatelet Agent Dosing
	References
Chapter 15. Neurocutaneous Syndromes Monica Islam and E. Steve Roach
	Introduction
	Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
		Comorbidities in tuberous sclerosis complex
		Evaluation of individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex
	Neurofibromatosis 1
		Evaluations of individuals with neurofibromatosis 1
	Neurofibromatosis 2
		Evaluation of an individual with neurofibromatosis 2
	Sturge Weber Syndrome
	Ataxia Telangiectasia
	Von Hippel Lindau Disease
	References
Chapter 16. Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Shawn Aylward
	Introduction
	Clinical Presentation
	Diagonsis
	Treatment
		Pharmacological treatment of IIH
		Weight control
		Surgical interventions
	Outcome
	References
Chapter 17. Syncope Shane F. Tsai, Jack R. Stines and Timothy M. Hoffman
	Differential Diagnosis of Syncope
		Common benign
		Structural heart disease
		Primary arrhythmia
		Miscellaneous
	Important Elements in the History and Physical Examination (Figure 1)
		History
			Common benign
		Pathological findings
		Physical examination
	Diagnostic tests
		Routine
		Advanced
	Treatment
		Routine
		Advanced
			Medications
		Cardiac pacing
	Driving Recommendations
	Referral to Cardiovascular Medicine
	References
Chapter 18. Central Nervous System Infections in Neonates, Infants, and Children Rebecca Wallihan and Dennis Cunningham
	Introduction
	Bacterial Meningitis
		Etiology
		Clinical features
		Diagnosis
		Antimicrobial therapy
		Adjunctive therapies and supportive care
		Complications
	Aseptic Meningitis, Encephalitis, and Meningoencephalitis
		Etiology
		Clinical features
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		HSV
		Enterovirus
	References
Chapter 19. Hydrocephalus Eric M. Jackson and Corey Raffel
	Epidemiology
	Pathogenesis
	Signs and Symptoms
	Diagnostic Studies
	Treatment of Hydrocephalus and its Complications
	References
Chapter 20. Neurology of the Neonate Lenora Lehwald and Laurel Slaughter
	Defining the Neonatal Population
	Clinical History of the Neonate
	Neurological Examination of the Neonate in the Nursery or Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
	Common Neurological Diseases of the Neonate
		Hypoxic-ischemic injury (neonatal encephalopathy)
		Neonatal seizures
		In utero drug exposure
		The hypotonic infant
	References
Chapter 21. Palliative Care for the Pediatric Neurologist Janine Winters
	Palliative Care Defined
		The palliative care team’s goals and roles in the care of the patient and family
			Eliciting concerns
	Anticipating Treatment Choices
		Anticipating disease progression
	Managing Symptoms
		Symptoms:Managing late symptoms in children with incurable neurological disease
			Dyspnea
			Pain
			Notes
		Titrating opioid pain medications
		End-of-life care planning: Decisions about resuscitation effects
			Focus on ethics
			Focus on a natural process
			Focus on continuing to work together
			Focus on identifying what the family can control
			Focus on sharing the moral burden
	Physical Changes in the Final Hours of Life
		Neurological changes
		Gastrointestinal changes
		Pulmonary changes
		Integumentary changes
		Cardiovascular changes
	Recognition and Treatment of Suffering by the Interdisciplinary Team
	Preventing Distressing Symptoms at the End of Life
		Grief and bereavement
	Conclusion
	Recommended Resources
	References
Chapter 22. Tic Disorder and Tourette Syndrome Pedro Weisleder and Latif Khuhro
	Tic Disorder
	Tourette Syndrome
		Conditions related to TS
		Diagnosis of TS
		Treatment of TS
			Medications
			Non-pharmacological treatment
			Education
	References
Index