Manual of Laboratory Testing Methods for Dental Restorative Materials

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgement
Glossary of Key Terms
About the Companion Website
Introduction
Chapter 1 Assessment of Mechanical Properties of Dental Restorative Material s
	1.1 Tensile Strength
	1.2 Diametral Compression Test
	1.3 Compressive Strength
	1.4 Flexural Strength
	1.5 Resistance to Fatigue
	1.6 Hardness
	1.7 Elastic Modulus
	1.8 Fracture Toughness
	1.9 Nanoindentation
	1.10 Bond Strength
		1.10.1 Macro-Test Methods
			1.10.1.1 Macro-Shear (SBS) Test
			1.10.1.2 Macro-Tensile (TBS) Test
			1.10.1.3 Push-Out (PO) Test
		1.10.2 Micro-Test Methods
			1.10.2.1 Micro Shear Test
			1.10.2.2 Micro Tensile Test
			1.10.2.3 Micro Push-Out Bond Strength
	References
Chapter 2 Assessment of Physical Properties of Dental Restorative Materials
	2.1 Assessment of Surface Roughness
		2.1.1 Mechanical Stylus Method
		2.1.2 Optical Method
			2.1.2.1 Taper-Sectioning Method
			2.1.2.2 Light-Sectioning Method
			2.1.2.3 Specular Reflection Methods
			2.1.2.4 Diffuse Reflection (Scattering) Methods
			2.1.2.5 Speckle Pattern Method
			2.1.2.6 Optical Interference Methods
			2.1.2.7 A Commercial Digital Optical Profiler
			2.1.2.8 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) Methods
			2.1.2.9 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)
			2.1.2.10 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
	2.2 Water Sorption and Solubility
	2.3 Viscosity
		2.3.1 U-Tube Viscometers
		2.3.2 Falling Sphere Viscometers
		2.3.3 Brookfield’s Viscometer
	2.4 Surface Tension
	2.5 Degree of Conversion
	2.6 Microleakage
		2.6.1 Methods Used for Detection of Microleakage
		2.6.2 Air Pressure
		2.6.3 Fluid Filtration
		2.6.4 Neutron Activation Analysis
		2.6.5 Electrical Conductivity
		2.6.6 Bacteria
		2.6.7 Artificial Caries
		2.6.8 Radioactive Tracers
		2.6.9 Chemical Tracers
		2.6.10 Dyes
		2.6.11 Dye Extraction Technique
		2.6.12 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
		2.6.13 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
		2.6.14 Micro-CT
		2.6.15 Optical Coherence Tomography
	2.7 Interfacial Adaptation and Film Thickness
	2.8 Radiopacity
	References
Chapter 3 Isolation and Identification of Oral Microflora
	3.1 Isolation and Identification
	3.2 Steps for Conducting an Experiment for Microbial Isolation and Identification
		3.2.1 Sample Collection
		3.2.2 Transportation of Samples for Testing
		3.2.3 Suspension and Dilution of Samples
		3.2.4 Inoculation and Incubation of Samples
		3.2.5 Identification of Microflora
	3.3 Molecular Biological Methods for Microflora Identification
		3.3.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction
		3.3.2 DNA–DNA Hybridization
		3.3.3 Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization
		3.3.4 Terminal-RFLP
		3.3.5 DNA Microarrays
	References
Chapter 4 Assessment of Biocompatibility of Dental Materials
	4.1 Standards for Testing Biocompatibility
		4.1.1 ANSI/ADA 41
		4.1.2 ISO 10993
		4.1.3 ISO 7405
	4.2 Testing Hierarchy
		4.2.1 Linear Progression
		4.2.2 Nonlinear Progression
	4.3 Initial Tests for Assessment of Biocompatibility
		4.3.1 Direct Cell Culture Test
			4.3.1.1 Dye Exclusion Assays
			4.3.1.2 Colorimetric Assays
			4.3.1.3 Fluorometric Assays
			4.3.1.4 Luminometric Assays
		4.3.2 Barrier Screening Test
		4.3.3 Agar Diffusion Test
		4.3.4 Filter Diffusion Testing Method
		4.3.5 Tooth Slice Culture Assay
		4.3.6 Micronuclei Test
		4.3.7 Ame’s Test
		4.3.8 Style’s Test
		4.3.9 Hemolysis Test
	4.4 Animal Tests
		4.4.1 Inhalation Test
		4.4.2 Implantation Test
		4.4.3 Maximization Test
		4.4.4 Buehler’s Test
	4.5 Usage Tests
		4.5.1 Pulp–Dentin Test for Restorative Materials
		4.5.2 Pulp Capping and Pulpotomy Material Test
		4.5.3 Mucosal Damage and Mucosa Usage Test
		4.5.4 Periapical Tissue Damage and Endodontic Usage Test
		4.5.5 Gingival Usage Test
		4.5.6 Teratogenic Effects and Influence on Reproduction
		4.5.7 Clinical Trials
			4.5.7.1 Clinical Testing of Restorative Materials
			4.5.7.2 Allergy Tests
	References
Chapter 5 Assessment of Optical Properties
	5.1 Perception of Color
	5.2 Three Dimensions of Color
		5.2.1 Hue
		5.2.2 Value
		5.2.3 Chroma
	5.3 Color Measurements
		5.3.1 Visual Color Measurement
		5.3.2 Instrumental Color Measurement
	5.4 Experimental Design for the Assessment of Color Stability
		5.4.1 Sample Preparation for Color Stability Assessment
		5.4.2 Staining Procedure
		5.4.3 Assessment of Color Change
	5.5 Test for Color Stability of Composite Resin (Pictorial Representation)
	5.6 Assessment of Fluorescence
		5.6.1 Fluorescnece of Natural Teeth
		5.6.2 Fluorescence of Restorative Materials
		5.6.3 Measurement of Fluorescence
	5.7 Assessment of Gloss
	References
Chapter 6 Simulation of Oral Environment
	6.1 Strain Gauge Transducers
	6.2 Piezoelectric Transducers
	6.3 Pressure Transducers
	6.4 Cyclic Loading Apparatus
	References
Chapter 7 Extra Mile: Biofilm Models and Assessment of Biofilms in Restorative Dentistry
	7.1 Difference Between Dental Plaque and Biofilm
	7.2 Virulence Factors of Biofilms
	7.3 Biofilm Formation
	7.4 Microorganisms in Oral Biofilms
	7.5 In vitro Biofilm Models
		7.5.1 Static Biofilm Models
		7.5.2 Dynamic Biofilm Models
	7.6 Applications of In vitro Biofilm Models
	7.7 Factors Affecting Biofilm Adhesion to Restorative Materials
	7.8 Sample Preparation for Biofilm Study on Restorative Materials
	7.9 Use of Biofilm Assays
	7.10 Biofilm Formation on Restorative Materials
	References
Index
EULA