Manned Spacecraft Technologies

Series Editor’s Preface
Preface
Contents
About the Author
1 Introduction
	1.1 About the Development of Foreign Manned Space Projects
	1.2 Development History of China’s Manned Space Project
	1.3 China’s Manned Spacecraft Technologies System
2 Overall Technology of Manned Spacecraft
	2.1 Overview of Overall Design
		2.1.1 Overall Design Principles
		2.1.2 Overall Design Tasks
	2.2 Bearing and Sealing System
		2.2.1 Module Structure
		2.2.2 Seal Design
		2.2.3 Design of Module Connection and Separation
	2.3 Guidance, Navigation and Control System
		2.3.1 Task and Composition
		2.3.2 Working Mode
	2.4 Energy Management System
		2.4.1 Platform Energy System
		2.4.2 EED Energy System
		2.4.3 Grounding Design
	2.5 Information Management System
		2.5.1 Data Management Subsystem
		2.5.2 Display Subsystem
		2.5.3 Image Subsystem
		2.5.4 Voice Subsystem
		2.5.5 Space–Earth Communication Subsystem
		2.5.6 Rendezvous and Docking Communication Subsystem
	2.6 Environmental Control and Life Support System
		2.6.1 Function and Composition
		2.6.2 Air Supply and Pressure Regulation Technology
		2.6.3 Ventilation and Purification Technology
		2.6.4 Temperature and Humidity Control Techniques
		2.6.5 Waste Collection and Disposal Techniques
		2.6.6 Water Management Techniques
		2.6.7 Pressure Emergency and Intravehicular Spacesuit Technology
		2.6.8 Fire Prevention and Extinguishing Technology of Sealed Cabin
		2.6.9 Measurement Control Technology
		2.6.10 Living Facilities for Astronauts
	2.7 Thermal Control System
		2.7.1 Thermal Environment of Manned Spacecraft
		2.7.2 Composition of Onboard Thermal Control System
		2.7.3 Passive Thermal Control Subsystem
		2.7.4 Fluid Loop Subsystem
		2.7.5 Active Thermal Control Subsystem
		2.7.6 Ground Temperature Control Subsystem
	2.8 Recovery and Landing System
		2.8.1 System Task
		2.8.2 System Function and Operating Characteristics
		2.8.3 Design of Deceleration Function
		2.8.4 Design of Landing Buffer Function
		2.8.5 Design of Locating Function
	2.9 Human–Computer Interaction System
		2.9.1 Human–Computer Interaction Technology
		2.9.2 Human–Computer Interaction System for Manned Spacecraft
		2.9.3 Information Display Interface
		2.9.4 Human–Computer Control Interface
		2.9.5 Over-Limit Alarm Notification
3 General Technology of Cargo Ship
	3.1 General
	3.2 Design Technology of “Tianzhou” Cargo Ship
		3.2.1 System Design
		3.2.2 Flight Plan
	3.3 Structural Bearing and Sealing System
		3.3.1 Structure of Cargo Module
		3.3.2 Structure of Propulsion Module
		3.3.3 Module Connection
		3.3.4 Sealing Design
	3.4 Energy and Power Supply and Distribution System
		3.4.1 Power System
		3.4.2 Distribution System
	3.5 Attitude and Orbit Control System
		3.5.1 Thruster Configuration and Usage Mode
		3.5.2 Attitude Determination
		3.5.3 Attitude Control
		3.5.4 Orbit Control
	3.6 Thermal Management System
		3.6.1 Passive Thermal Control Design
		3.6.2 Active Thermal Control Design
	3.7 Information Transmission and Management System
		3.7.1 Space-Earth TT&C Communication
		3.7.2 Integrated Electronic Information Management
		3.7.3 Space-Earth Integrated Network Communication
	3.8 Manned Environmental Control System
		3.8.1 Environment Monitoring
		3.8.2 Module Pressure Control
		3.8.3 Humidity Control
		3.8.4 Temperature and Airspeed Control
		3.8.5 Harmful Gas Control
		3.8.6 Microorganism Control
		3.8.7 Radiation Control
		3.8.8 Noise Control
	3.9 Cargo Transportation and Support
		3.9.1 Cargo Up-Going Loading
		3.9.2 Cargo Transfer and Waste Loading on Orbit
		3.9.3 Cargo Information Management
4 Design Technology of Space Laboratory System
	4.1 General
		4.1.1 Concept of Space Laboratory
		4.1.2 Construction of China’s Space Laboratory
	4.2 Task Analysis
	4.3 System of Loading and Sealing
		4.3.1 Cabin Loading System and Configuration
		4.3.2 Layout Area Planning
		4.3.3 Segment Connection
		4.3.4 Seal Design
	4.4 System of Attitude and Orbit Control
		4.4.1 Overview of Attitude and Orbit Control System
		4.4.2 Attitude Determination and Control
		4.4.3 Orbit Control
	4.5 System of Information Transmission and Control
		4.5.1 Information Management Requirements
		4.5.2 Information System
	4.6 System of Energy and Power Supply and Distribution
		4.6.1 Power Supply System
		4.6.2 Power Distribution System
	4.7 System of Thermal Environment Control
		4.7.1 Composition of Thermal Environment Control System
		4.7.2 Ventilation System
		4.7.3 Fluid Loop System
		4.7.4 Active Electric Heating
		4.7.5 Passive Thermal Control
	4.8 System of Manned Environmental Control
		4.8.1 System of Cabin Pressure Control
		4.8.2 System of Purification and Ventilation
		4.8.3 System of Air Temperature and Humidity Control
		4.8.4 Airspeed Control System in Human Area
		4.8.5 Noise Control
	4.9 System of Residence Support
		4.9.1 Habitability
		4.9.2 On-Orbit Work
		4.9.3 On-Orbit Life
		4.9.4 On-Orbit Health
	4.10 System of On-Orbit Propellant Refueling
		4.10.1 Principle of Refueling System
		4.10.2 Composition of Refueling System
		4.10.3 Refueling Process
5 Design Technology of Space Station System
	5.1 Summary
		5.1.1 Use of Space Station
		5.1.2 Development Plan of China’s Space Station
	5.2 Task Characteristics of Space Station
		5.2.1 Stable On-Orbit Manned Flight
		5.2.2 Assembly and Construction
		5.2.3 Maintenance and Repair
		5.2.4 Applications of Space Science and Technology
	5.3 Configuration and Layout
		5.3.1 Tasks of Configuration and Layout
		5.3.2 Configuration Design
		5.3.3 Layout Design
	5.4 System of Control and Propulsion
		5.4.1 Brief Introduction of Control and Propulsion System
		5.4.2 Architecture of Control and Propulsion System
	5.5 System of Assembly and Construction
		5.5.1 Brief Introduction of Assembly and Construction System
		5.5.2 Technology of Module Redocking
	5.6 System of Information Management
		5.6.1 Brief Introduction of Information Management System
		5.6.2 Architecture of Information Management System
	5.7 Energy System
		5.7.1 Brief Introduction of Energy System
		5.7.2 Design of Space Station Energy System
	5.8 System of Thermal Management
		5.8.1 Brief Introduction of Thermal Management System
		5.8.2 Heat Collection Technology
		5.8.3 Heat Transmission Technology
		5.8.4 Architecture of Thermal Management System in Space Station
	5.9 System of Manned Environment
		5.9.1 Brief Introduction of Manned Environment System
		5.9.2 Module Pressure Control Technology
		5.9.3 Temperature and Humidity Control Technology
		5.9.4 Harmful-Gas Purification Technology
		5.9.5 Ventilation Flow Field Control Technology
	5.10 System of Application Support
		5.10.1 Brief Introduction of Application Support System
		5.10.2 Structure of Application Support System
	5.11 Astronaut Support System
		5.11.1 Brief Introduction of Astronaut Support System
		5.11.2 Psychological Support Technology
		5.11.3 Medical Supervision and Care Support Technology
		5.11.4 Recreation Support Technology
	5.12 System of Operation Management
		5.12.1 Brief Introduction of Operation Management System of Space Station
		5.12.2 On-Orbit Health Management Technology of Space Station
		5.12.3 Residency and Alternation Technology of Space Station Crew
		5.12.4 Cargo Transport and Supply Technology of Space Station
6 Manned Rendezvous and Docking Technology
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 Classification of Rendezvous and Docking Technologies
		6.1.2 Composition of Rendezvous and Docking System
		6.1.3 Development History and Current Situation of Rendezvous and Docking Technology
		6.1.4 Prospect of Rendezvous and Docking Technology
	6.2 Launch Window for Rendezvous and Docking
		6.2.1 Constraints on Launch Window
		6.2.2 Design of Launch Window
	6.3 Flight Orbit for Rendezvous and Docking
		6.3.1 Design of the Orbit of Target Spacecraft
		6.3.2 Design of the Orbit of Tracking Aircraft
	6.4 Relative Navigation, Guidance and Control Technology for Rendezvous and Docking
		6.4.1 Relative Navigation for Rendezvous and Docking
		6.4.2 Guidance and Control in Close-Range Rendezvous
		6.4.3 Guidance and Control in Departure Period
		6.4.4 Design of Collision Avoidance
		6.4.5 Manually Controlled Rendezvous and Docking
	6.5 Technology of Docking Mechanism
7 Manned Reentry and Return Technology
	7.1 Mode of Earth Atmosphere Reentry
		7.1.1 Ballistic Reentry
		7.1.2 Ballistic-Lift Reentry (Semi-Ballistic)
		7.1.3 Lifting Reentry
	7.2 Design of Aerodynamic Shape
		7.2.1 Technical Characteristics of Aerodynamic Shape
	7.3 Design of Thermal Protection Structure
		7.3.1 Design Process of Thermal Protection Structure
	7.4 Guidance, Navigation and Control
		7.4.1 Brief Introduction of Guidance, Navigation and Control (GNC)
		7.4.2 Guidance Methods and Their Classification
	7.5 Communication in Ionization Blackout
		7.5.1 Ionization Blackout Mechanism
		7.5.2 Technical Approaches to Alleviate Ionization Blackout
	7.6 Technology of Ground Test Verification
		7.6.1 Brief Introduction of Wind Tunnel Test Technology
		7.6.2 Introduction of Hypersonic Wind Tunnel
	7.7 Development Trend
		7.7.1 Return and Reentry Technology for Deep Space Exploration
		7.7.2 Return and Reentry Technology for Low-Earth Orbit (LEO)
8 Manned Landing and Recovery Technology
	8.1 Process of Landing and Recovery
		8.1.1 Aerodynamic Deceleration
		8.1.2 Land/Water Landing Buffer
		8.1.3 Positioning Device
	8.2 Design of Landing and Recovery System of “Shenzhou” Manned Spacecraft
		8.2.1 Working Characteristics and Design Principles of Landing and Recovery System of “Shenzhou” Manned Spacecraft
		8.2.2 Composition of Spacecraft Landing and Recovery System
		8.2.3 Working Procedure of Spacecraft Landing and Recovery System
		8.2.4 Backup Parachute Device
		8.2.5 Working Mode of Reverse Thrust Engine During Landing
	8.3 Technology of Large Parachute Group
		8.3.1 Area of Parachute Canopy
		8.3.2 Measures for Multi-Stage Parachute Opening
		8.3.3 Method of Parachute Opening
		8.3.4 Technology of Synchronous Multi-Parachute Inflation
		8.3.5 Simulation Technology of Parachute-Group Deceleration System
	8.4 Technology of Controllable Parafoil
		8.4.1 Closing and Packing Technology of Large Parafoil
		8.4.2 Simulation Technology for Parafoil Structure Design and Load Analysis
		8.4.3 Servo Control Technology
		8.4.4 Dynamic Simulation Technology of Homing Flight
		8.4.5 Technology of Homing Route Control
		8.4.6 Upwind Landing Technology
		8.4.7 Flared Landing Technology
	8.5 Technology of Large-Load Buffering Airbag
		8.5.1 Research on Airbag Inflation and Deployment
		8.5.2 Numerical Simulation Technology of Buffering Process
		8.5.3 Control Technology of Landing Buffer Process
	8.6 Technology of Landing Support Mechanism
		8.6.1 Lightweight Technology of Landing Support Mechanism
		8.6.2 Shock Absorption Technology of Landing Support Mechanism
		8.6.3 Deployment Technology of Landing Support Mechanism
		8.6.4 Thermal Protection Technology of Landing Support Mechanism
	8.7 Technology of Waterborne Splashdown and Recovery
	8.8 Technology of Large-Scale Landing and Recovery Test
		8.8.1 Airdrop Test Technology
		8.8.2 Technology of Large-Scale Ground Test
	8.9 Trend of Technology Development
9 Emergency Life-Saving Technology
	9.1 Overview of Emergency Life-Saving Technology
	9.2 Design of Intra-Atmospheric Life-Saving Orbit in Launch Phase
		9.2.1 Emergency Lifesaving of the “Shenzhou” Manned Spacecraft During Its Launch-Waiting Phase and Launch Phase
	9.3 Design of Extra-Atmospheric Life-Saving Orbit in Launch Phase
	9.4 Emergency Life-Saving Plan for Orbiting Phase
		9.4.1 Emergency Return to Landing Area in Orbiting Phase
		9.4.2 Meteorological Support for Landing Sites
		9.4.3 Scheme of Early or Late Return
		9.4.4 Scheme of Ballistic Reentry and Return
		9.4.5 Scheme of Autonomous Emergency Return
		9.4.6 Scheme of Manual Semiautomatic Return
	9.5 Verification of Emergency Life-Saving Scheme
		9.5.1 Flight Test of Zero-Altitude Escape and Lifesaving
		9.5.2 Simulation Test of Escape and Lifesaving
10 Technology of Orbital Propellant Refueling
	10.1 The Concept and Meaning of Orbital Propellant Refueling
	10.2 Classification of Orbital Propellant Refueling Techniques
		10.2.1 Direct Filling
		10.2.2 Propulsion Module Replacement
	10.3 Basic Principle of Orbital Propellant Refueling Technology
	10.4 Composition and Basic Scheme of Orbital Propellant Refueling System
		10.4.1 Configuration of Propellant Refueling System
		10.4.2 Scheme of Propellant Refueling System
		10.4.3 Propellant Refueling Process
		10.4.4 Implementation of Flight Control During Propellant Refueling
	10.5 Ground Tests of Propellant Refueling
		10.5.1 Classification of Ground Tests
		10.5.2 Key Points of System-Level Tests
11 Technology of the Management and Control of the Combination
	11.1 Summary
	11.2 Technical Principle of Combination Management and Control Technology
		11.2.1 Technology of Combination Attitude and Orbit Control
		11.2.2 Manned Environmental Control Technology of the Combination
		11.2.3 Technology of Combination Energy Management
		11.2.4 Technology of Combination Information Management
	11.3 Verification of Combination Management and Control Technology
		11.3.1 Technology of Ground Verification
		11.3.2 On-Orbit Verification
12 Maintainability Technology of Manned Spacecraft
	12.1 Summary
		12.1.1 Concept of Maintainability
		12.1.2 Necessity of Maintainability Design
		12.1.3 Characteristics of On-Orbit Maintenance of Manned Spacecraft
	12.2 Online Maintenance
	12.3 Special Maintenance Environment
	12.4 Limited Maintenance Resources
	12.5 Strict Maintenance Time
	12.6 High Requirements for Maintenance Safety
	12.7 Maintainability Requirements
		12.7.1 Qualitative Requirements for Maintainability
		12.7.2 Quantitative Requirements for Maintainability
	12.8 Maintainability Model
		12.8.1 General Procedures for Modeling
		12.8.2 Maintainability Block Diagram
		12.8.3 Function of Maintenance Degree
	12.9 Maintainability Allocation
	12.10 Maintainability Forecast
	12.11 Maintainability Analysis
		12.11.1 Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA)
		12.11.2 Reliability-Centered Maintenance Analysis (RCMA)
		12.11.3 Maintenance Task Analysis
		12.11.4 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
		12.11.5 Hazard Analysis
		12.11.6 Operation Hazard Analysis
	12.12 Human Error Analysis
	12.13 Human Factor Analysis
	12.14 Testability Analysis
	12.15 Maintenance Time Analysis
	12.16 Spare Part Demand Analysis
	12.17 Maintainability Design
		12.17.1 Principles of Maintainability Design
		12.17.2 Identification of  Maintenance Requirements
		12.17.3 Formulation of Maintenance Strategy
		12.17.4 Design of Standardization, Universalization and Modularization
		12.17.5 Design of Power Supply and Information Isolation
		12.17.6 Calibration After Equipment Replacement and Maintenance
		12.17.7 Maintainability Design for Non-working State (On-Orbit Storage of Spare Parts and Backups)
		12.17.8 Design of Maintenance Tools
	12.18 Maintainability Verification
		12.18.1 Simulation
		12.18.2 Ground Test
		12.18.3 Orbital Test
13 Application Technology of Space Manipulator
	13.1 Overview of Space Manipulator Applications
	13.2 Foundation of Space Manipulator Application Design
		13.2.1 Manipulator Kinematics
		13.2.2 Manipulator Dynamics
		13.2.3 Sensing and Control Technology
		13.2.4 Technology of Space Environment Adaptation
		13.2.5 Technology of Space-Earth Cooperative Control and Teaching
	13.3 Application Design and Verification of Space Manipulator
		13.3.1 Application Tasks of Space Manipulator
		13.3.2 Application Design Constraints to Space Manipulators
		13.3.3 Elements of Manipulator Application Design
		13.3.4 Composition of Space Manipulator Application System
		13.3.5 Design of Manipulator Operation Control Mode
		13.3.6 Application Verification of Space Manipulator
	13.4 Prospect of Space Manipulator Application Technology
14 Technology of Manned Environmental Control and Life Support
	14.1 Category of Environmental Control and Life-Support Technology
	14.2 Brief Introduction of Environmental Control and Life-Support Technology
		14.2.1 Technology of Air Supply and Pressure Regulation
		14.2.2 Technology of Ventilation Flow Field Control
		14.2.3 Technology of Atmosphere Temperature and Humidity Control
		14.2.4 Technology of Air Purification
		14.2.5 Technology of Water Management
		14.2.6 Technology of Urine and Feces Collection
		14.2.7 Technology of Fire Monitoring and Extinguishing
		14.2.8 Technology of Microorganism Control
		14.2.9 Technology of Radiation Protection
		14.2.10 Technology of Noise Protection
		14.2.11 Technology of Waste Management
		14.2.12 Environmental Control Technology for Extravehicular Activities
	14.3 Environmental Control and Life-Support Technology of Manned Spacecraft for Medium- and Short-Term Residence
		14.3.1 Composition of Environmental Control and Life-Support System of Manned Spacecraft for Medium- and Short-Term Residence
		14.3.2 Air Supply and Pressure Regulation
		14.3.3 Ventilation Flow Field
		14.3.4 Air Composition
		14.3.5 Temperature and Humidity
		14.3.6 Water Management
		14.3.7 Fire Monitoring and Extinguishing
		14.3.8 Waste
		14.3.9 Microorganisms
		14.3.10 Environmental Support and Life-Support Technology for Extravehicular Activities
	14.4 Environmental Control and Life-Support Technology of Long-Term Manned Spacecraft
		14.4.1 Characteristics of Long-Term Manned Spacecraft
		14.4.2 Environmental Control and Life-Support Technology for Long-Term Manned Spacecraft
	14.5 Ground Verification Test Technology of Manned Environmental Control and Life-Support System
		14.5.1 Verification Test for Single Environmental Function
		14.5.2 Test for Manned Environment System
	14.6 Prospect of Environmental Control and Life-Support Technology in the Future
15 Technology of Extravehicular Activity
	15.1 Overview of Extravehicular Activity
		15.1.1 Tasks of Extravehicular Activity
		15.1.2 Overview of Extravehicular Function Design
	15.2 Design of Airlock System
		15.2.1 Design Elements for Airlock System
		15.2.2 Design of Airlock Space and Layout
		15.2.3 Design of Depressurization and Repressurization System
	15.3 Design Elements of Supporting Interface for Extravehicular Spacesuit
		15.3.1 Power Supply Interface
		15.3.2 Air Supply Interface
		15.3.3 Heat Supply Interface
	15.4 Design of Supporting Methods and Facilities for Extravehicular Activities
		15.4.1 Design Elements
	15.5 Onboard Supporting System for Extravehicular Activity
		15.5.1 Design Elements
		15.5.2 Design of Video Surveillance System
		15.5.3 Design of Communication System
		15.5.4 Design of Lighting System
	15.6 Program Design of Extravehicular Activities
	15.7 Safety Design of Extravehicular Activities
		15.7.1 Safety Design of Equipment and Operation
		15.7.2 Plume Pollution
	15.8 Mastery of Extravehicular Activity Technology
		15.8.1 Simulation Analysis
		15.8.2 On-Orbit Training
Bibliography