Manchu grammar

Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 12
Description of Linguistic Materials......Page 18
Part One: Prolegomena to Manchu Studies......Page 26
1. The Altaic Language Family and the Manchu Language......Page 28
2. The Place of Manchu among the Languages of the Tungus-Manchu Linguistic Community (from a typological point of view)......Page 30
3. The Manchus: a Brief Survey of their History......Page 31
3.1. The Jurchens and their Ancient History......Page 33
3.2. The Manchus’ Ethnicity......Page 43
3.3. Clans in the History of the Manchus......Page 44
3.4. Banners and Garrisons as Major Government Institutions of the Manchus......Page 46
3.5. Manchu Identity......Page 49
3.6. The Decline of the Manchu Language......Page 52
3.7. Rebirth of the Manchus......Page 54
4. The Manchu Language and its Dialects......Page 55
4.1. The Manchus and the Sibes......Page 56
4.2. Contemporary Life of the Sibes in Xinjiang, One of the Most Multinational Regions of China......Page 63
4.3. The Sibe Dialect in Relation to Literary Manchu......Page 65
Part Two: Manchu Script......Page 72
1. The History of Writing the Manchu Language......Page 74
2. Graphic Structure of the Manchu Letters......Page 76
3. The Manchu Graphemes and the Way of their Writing......Page 79
3.1. The Manchu Graphemes Rendering Vowels (and the semivowel y)......Page 80
3.2. Manchu Graphemes Rendering Consonants......Page 84
3.3. Additional Graphemes......Page 96
4. Outward Appearance of Manchu Writing......Page 97
5. Punctuation Marks......Page 98
Part Three: Phonology......Page 100
1.1. Vowels......Page 102
1.2. Consonants......Page 111
2. Vowel Harmony......Page 114
4. Stress......Page 124
5. Types of Syllables and Syllabic Structure of Manchu Words......Page 127
6. Elements of Morphophonemics. Morphemic Structure of a Word. Stems and Suffixes......Page 137
6.1. Noun Stems......Page 138
6.2. Verbal Stems......Page 140
6.3. Alternation of Vowels and Consonants in Stems......Page 141
6.4. Vowel Harmony in Suffixes......Page 142
Part Four: Morphology......Page 146
1. Polysemantics and Polyfunctionality of Language Units as Two Principal Features of Manchu Grammar......Page 149
2. Nominal Parts of Speech. Different Functional and Semantic Groups of Nouns......Page 151
2.1. Human Nouns......Page 158
2.2. Nouns Denoting Inanimate Objects and Abstract Notions (Object Nouns)......Page 165
2.3. Sex of Living Beings......Page 169
2.4. Nouns Denoting Semantics of Quality......Page 170
2.5. Diminutives and Augmentatives......Page 180
2.6. Degrees of Comparison......Page 181
2.7. Declension as a Universal System of Syntactic Subordination. Noun Declension......Page 187
2.8. Noun Case Forms (Nominative, Genitive, Accusative, Dative/Locative, Ablative)......Page 188
2.9. Word Formation of Nouns......Page 219
3. Numerals......Page 225
3.1. Cardinal Numerals......Page 226
3.2. Ordinal Numerals......Page 228
3.4. Fractional Numerals......Page 229
3.7. Iterative Numerals......Page 230
3.8. Numeratives......Page 231
3.9. Words Denoting Periods of Time. Cycles......Page 234
3.10. Words for Periods of Time......Page 237
4.1. Personal Pronouns. Irregular Pronominal Case Forms......Page 239
4.2. Demonstrative Pronouns......Page 242
4.4. Interrogative Pronouns......Page 244
4.5. Indefinite Pronouns......Page 248
4.6. The Relative Meaning of the Indefinite Pronoun “ele”......Page 249
4.7. Pronominal Use of the Word “beye”......Page 250
4.8. Nouns in the Pronominal Function......Page 252
5. Verbal Morphology......Page 256
5.2. The Structure of a Verbal Stem and Word-Formation of Verbs......Page 258
5.3. Verbs of Motion......Page 264
5.4. Aspect......Page 265
5.5. Voice......Page 269
5.6. Participles......Page 277
5.7. Converbs......Page 292
5.8. Finite Verbal Forms......Page 310
5.9. Analytical Verbal Forms and Constructions......Page 334
5.10. Interrogative Forms of Verbs......Page 347
6. Adverbs. Modes of Word-Formation. Different Semantic Classes of Adverbs......Page 351
7. Interjections and Onomatopoeic Words......Page 359
8.1 Postpositions......Page 369
8.2. Conjunctions......Page 376
8.3. Syntactic Words of Conjunctional Type......Page 385
9. Particles......Page 393
10. Reduplication of Words. Grammatical Meanings of Pair Words......Page 405
Part Five: Syntax......Page 410
1. Preliminaries......Page 412
2. Grammatical Means of Expressing Syntactic Relationships in Manchu......Page 418
3. The Means of Pragmatic Structuring in Manchu......Page 429
4.1. Grammatical Structure of a Nominal Sentence......Page 444
4.2. Grammatical Structure of a Verbal Sentence......Page 461
4.3. Objects (or Complements). Direct and Indirect Objects......Page 478
4.4. Adverbial Modifiers......Page 484
4.5. Attributes......Page 485
4.6. Homogeneous Parts of the Sentence......Page 489
5. Syntax of Composite Sentences. Compound and Complex Sentences......Page 491
5.1. Compound Sentences......Page 496
5.2. Complex Sentences......Page 497
5.3. Basic Ideas and Terms for the Theory of the Altaic Hypotaxis......Page 501
5.4. Altaic Participles as the Basic Non-finite Verbal Forms Denoting Subordinate Predicativity......Page 508
5.5. Three Major Classes of Non-finite Verbal Forms Used to Denote the Subordinate Predication......Page 532
5.6. Analytical Constructions Functioning as Subordinate Predicates......Page 543
5.7. Direct and Indirect Speech......Page 551
Postscript......Page 555
List of Abbreviations Which Are Used as Grammatical Category Labels in Interlinear Morphemic Translation......Page 560
Source Abbreviations......Page 562
Selected Bibliography......Page 566
Manchu Manuscripts......Page 579
Archives......Page 580
M......Page 582
Y......Page 583
F......Page 584
L......Page 585
P......Page 586
W......Page 587
Z......Page 588
A......Page 590
C......Page 592
D......Page 596
E......Page 597
G......Page 598
I......Page 599
M......Page 601
N......Page 602
P......Page 604
S......Page 609
T......Page 614
V......Page 615
Z......Page 617
B......Page 618
D......Page 619
H......Page 620
L......Page 621
O......Page 622
S......Page 623
T......Page 624
W......Page 625