Managing the Human Dimension of Disasters: Caring for the Bereaved, Survivors and First Responders

Cover
Endorsement
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of contents
About the Author
Meeting Sources and Acknowledgments
Timeline of Disasters Covered in this Book
Introduction
	References
Part I The Post-Disaster Timeframe
	Chapter 1 Immediate (First Days)
		Introduction
		On-Scene Challenges
		Victim Accounting
			Tools for Victim Registration
				Telephone Hotlines
				Webpages
				Social Media
				Posters
				Media
			Challenges with Numbers
			Keeping Track
		Incident Assistance Centers
			The Location of an FAC
			The Main Tasks of an FAC
				Primary Needs
				Emotional and Practical Support
				Information
				Logistics
			The Layout of an FAC
			What to Say
			Family Briefings
				Handling Questions
				The Last Briefing
			Hints about VIP Visits and Media Contact
			An FAC Success Story
			Airport Facilities
			Support Dogs
			Virtual Assistance Centers
		Notifications and Reunifications – the “Lost and Found of People”
		The Case of Columbine
			The Standard Reunification Process
		Death Notifications
		The FBI Method
			Death Notifications after Mass Casualty Events
				Arson on a Cruise Ship
				The List from Utøya
				An Executive Decision in Newtown
				Private Rooms after Parkland
		Media
			Media Ethics
			Media Ethics: A Case Study from South Korea
			Media as investigators
			Media as a “Tool” for Victims – Cases from Three Continents
				Parkland, Florida
				Queensland, Australia
				Oslo, Norway
			Media Focus on the Killer
		Social Media
			Positive Aspects of Using Social Media
			Digital Volunteers
			The Last Message
			Group Communication
			Social Networks and Evacuation Behavior
			Negative Aspects
				Video from Killings
				Fakes, Hoaxes and Trolls
			The Case of Parkland and #NeverAgain
		Interview: Maureen Basnicki – Bereaved after 9/11
		References
	Chapter 2 Short Term (First Year)
		Introduction
		Site Visits
			Lessons Learned from the Aviation Industry
			Norway’s Experience: Site Visits to Utøya and Thailand
			When VIPs Arrive
		Heroes
			Sandy Hook
			Charlotte and Denver
			Norway
			Finding Heroes
		Spontaneous Memorials
			Removal
			Preservation
				Oklahoma Bombing, 1995
				Bonfire Collapse in Texas, 1999
				Virginia Tech, 2007
				Oslo and Utøya, 2011
				Boston, 2013
				Sydney, 2014
				Manchester, 2017
		Monetary Donations
		Donated Items
			Newtown’s 65,000 Teddy Bears
			Las Vegas Portraits Project
		Support Groups
			Examples of Support Groups
				Aberfan, Wales
				9/11, UK
				Terror Attacks in Belgium
				Bomb in Manchester
				Terror attacks in Oslo and on Utøya
				UK Victims in Paris
				Kauhajoki, Finland
				9/11
				Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302
				The Sewol Disaster
			Informal Groups
			Support Group Challenges
		Personal Belongings
		Victim Identification/DVI
			Retrieving Remains
			AM and PM
			Difficult, But Necessary, Conversations
			Body Fragmentation
			Mass Burials and Group Remains
			The Special Case of ET302
			The special case of MS Estonia
			The Special Case of 9/11 and the World Trade Center
				Fresh Kills
				“The Fine Stuff”
				Continued Searches
				Identifying Remains
				Final Resting Ground
				9/11 Lessons Learned
		The Return of Coffins
		Interview: Jørn Øverby – Hero after Terror on Utøya
			The Shots Get Closer
			Saving Lives on Land
			The Days After
			Keeping in Touch
		Interview: Philip Fossnes – Police DVI Expert
		References
	Chapter 3 Long Term  (Following Years)
		Introduction
		Anniversaries
			One-Year Mark
				Las Vegas
			Parkland
				Manchester
			Beyond the First Year
				Two Years: Las Vegas Mass Shooting
				Ten Years: Colgan Air Flight 3407
				20 Years: Alaska Airlines
				50 Years: TWA 128
		Movies and Documentaries
		Monuments
			Timing
			Size
			Funding
			Design
			Inclusive Process
			Order of Names
			Examples
				Comair Flight 5191
				Alaska Airlines Flight 261
				Terror attacks in Oslo and Utøya
				Malaysia Airlines Flight 17
				London Terror Attacks
				Germanwings Flight 4U9525
				Air France Flight 370
				9/11 in London
				American Eagle Flights 3378 and 3379
				Port Arthur, Tasmania
				The Canberra Bushfire
				The Sewol Disaster
				Flight 93 National Memorial
				9/11 Memorial and Museum
			When It Does Not Work
				London’s Second 9/11 Monument
				Jeff Koons – Paris
				Brussels
				Memories of “Memory Wound”
		Museums
		Organizations and Causes
			Fundraising and Outreach Activities
		Saying Sorry
		AARs and Reviews
		Court Cases
		The Blame Game
		Disaster Tourism
		Interview: Unni Espeland – Bereaved after Terror Attack on Utøya
		References
Part II People
	Chapter 4 People Directly Affected
		Introduction
		The Bereaved
		Survivors and Bereaved
		Survivors
			Many Kinds of Wounds
			Survivors Abroad
			“Only a Survivor”
		Survivors’ Families
		Friends
		Killers’ Families
		Interview: Michael Engen – Hero and Survivor from Las Vegas
			The Aftermath
		Interview: Ferry Zandvliet – Bataclan Survivor
		Interview: Zipporah Kuria – Bereaved after ET302
		References
	Chapter 5 First Responders
		Introduction
		Police, Fire, Ambulance
			Challenges and Guilt
			Suicides and Substance Abuse
			Therapy and Treatment
			International Best Practice
				Australia
				Canada
				Finland
				United Kingdom
			Reducing stress due to COVID-19
		Leaders
			Challenges
			Tour the Frontline
			Combine Words with Action
			Internal Challenges Including Staff Burnout
			Willing and Able?
			Communicating Grief and Resilience
				Maple Leaf Foods, 2008
				Jens Stoltenberg, 2011
				Southwest Airlines Flight 1380, 2018
				Walmart, El Paso, 2019
				Nova Scotia Shooting, 2020
				WHO and COVID-19, 2020
				The Cummings Story
			The Four Roles of a Public Leader
		Spontaneous Volunteers, Red Cross Personnel, etc.
		Reporters
			The Falling Man
			Grief in Newtown
			Bushfire Devastation
			Non-professional photographs
		Recovery Workers
		Clergy
		Coroners/DVI Experts
		Nurses and Psychologists
		Call Center Staff
		Communications Advisers
		Interview: ROBERT Weiss – Pastor in Newtown
		Interview: Tord Laeskogen – Owner of Hotel Near Utøya
		References
Part III Coping and Recovery
	Chapter 6 Therapy and Psychological First Aid
		Introduction
		Common Reactions
		Invisible Injuries
		Survivor Guilt
		Suicides
		PTSD
		Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG)
		Resiliency Centers
		Therapy and Counseling
			Weekend Gatherings
			Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
			“Is Disaster Mental Health Helpful?”
		Lessons from School Shootings
		Interview: Teresa Etcheberry – Head of Resiliency Center, Las Vegas
		References
Part IV Planning for Victim Support
	Chapter 7 Planning
		Introduction
		Scenarios
			Natural Disasters
				Tornadoes and Tropical Storms
				Water-Related Disasters
				Tsunami
				Earthquakes
				Forest Fires
			Infrastructure Failures
			Terrorism
			Transportation Accidents
			Crowds
			Building Fires
			Pandemics
			Mass Shootings
				Mass Shooting Prevention (Before)
				From Bystander to Upstander
				Life-Saving Behavior (During)
					Run
					Hide
					Fight
					After
				NFPA 3000 – a Standard for Active Shooter Response
			Aviation Accidents
			“Wicked Challenges”
			Worst Case
		Plans and Exercises
		Mass Casualty Events and Dead Body Management
		Simultaneous or Secondary Crisis
		Crisis Communication
		Interview: Erik Ronningen – 9/11 Survivor
		References
	Chapter 8 Lessons Learned from COVID-19
		Introduction
		Organizational Challenges
			The UK Foresight Group
			Internal Communication and Emerging Risks
			Working from Home
		COVID-19 Communication
			Zoom Disasters
		Remote and Digital Grief
		COVID-19 Leadership
			A New Zealand Case Study of Leadership
			Communicative Leaders Around the World
				Andrew Cuomo, New York’s Governor
				Jacinda Ardern, Prime Minister of New Zealand
				Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany
				Queen Elizabeth II, United Kingdom
		References
Part V End Matter
Suggested Reading
Index