Managing Research, Development, and Innovation: Managing the Unmanageable, Third Edition

Managing Research, Development, and Innovation; Managing the Unmanageable, Third Edition......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 9
PREFACE......Page 15
WHY SUCH A BOOK?......Page 16
FOR WHOM IS THIS BOOK?......Page 18
WHAT THE BOOK IS ALL ABOUT......Page 19
CONFESSIONS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 21
CHAPTER 1: R&D ORGANIZATIONS AND RESEARCH CATEGORIES......Page 23
1.1 HOW INFORMATION CAN BE USED......Page 24
1.2 A PERSPECTIVE ON R&D MANAGEMENT......Page 27
1.3 WHAT IS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT?......Page 28
1.4 RESEARCH CATEGORIES......Page 30
1.5 WHAT TO RESEARCH......Page 32
1.6 EMPHASIS ON BASIC VERSUS APPLIED RESEARCH......Page 38
1.7 WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT MANAGING R&D ORGANIZATIONS?......Page 39
1.9 QUESTIONS FOR CLASS DISCUSSION......Page 41
2.1 PEOPLE......Page 42
2.2 SPECIALIZATION......Page 44
2.3 STAFFING......Page 45
2.4 IDEAS......Page 46
2.5 DEFECTS IN HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING......Page 50
2.6 FADS IN SCIENCE......Page 52
2.7 COMMUNICATION NETWORKS......Page 53
2.9 FUNDS......Page 56
2.10 A CULTURE FOR R&D ORGANIZATIONS......Page 58
2.11 NOT-INVENTED-HERE SYNDROME......Page 60
2.12 FIT OF PERSON AND JOB......Page 62
2.13 CREATIVE TENSIONS: MANAGING ANTITHESIS AND AMBIGUITY......Page 63
2.14 DEVELOP A CLIMATE OF PARTICIPATION......Page 66
2.15 SUMMARY......Page 67
2.16 QUESTIONS FOR CLASS DISCUSSION......Page 68
3.1 ORGANIZATION EFFECTIVENESS......Page 69
3.2 WHO ARE THE INVENTORS AND INNOVATORS?......Page 74
3.3 ODD CHARACTERISTICS OF INVENTORS AND INNOVATORS......Page 80
3.4 RESEARCHER’S RELATIONSHIP WITH MANAGEMENT AND PEERS......Page 81
3.5 FORMATION OF TEAMS......Page 82
3.6 GENERATING NEW IDEAS......Page 86
3.7 EMPHASES ON ASPECTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE......Page 90
3.8 ETHOS OF A SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY......Page 91
3.10 QUESTIONS FOR CLASS DISCUSSION......Page 93
CHAPTER 4: JOB DESIGN AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS......Page 94
4.1 JOB ATTRIBUTES......Page 95
4.2 PHYSICAL LOCATION AND COMMUNICATION......Page 96
4.3 CAREER PATHS......Page 98
4.4 DUAL AND TRIPLE HIERARCHIES......Page 100
4.5 CENTRALIZATION AND DECENTRALIZATION......Page 102
4.6 KEEPING THE RESEARCHER AT THE INNOVATION STAGE......Page 103
4.7 JOB DESIGN AND CONFLICT......Page 105
4.8 SUMMARY......Page 108
4.9 QUESTIONS FOR CLASS DISCUSSION......Page 109
CHAPTER 5: INFLUENCING PEOPLE......Page 110
5.1 ATTITUDE, ATTITUDE CHANGE......Page 111
5.2 FINDINGS FROM ATTITUDE RESEARCH......Page 112
5.3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE DIVISION CASE*......Page 114
5.4 CASE ANALYSIS......Page 116
5.5 COMMUNICATION ALTERNATIVES AND OUTCOMES......Page 117
5.6 SUMMARY......Page 123
5.7 QUESTIONS FOR CLASS DISCUSSION......Page 124
CHAPTER 6: MOTIVATION IN R&D ORGANIZATIONS......Page 125
6.1 A MODEL OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR......Page 126
6.2 CHANGING THE REWARD SYSTEM TO SUPPORT TECHNICAL CAREERS......Page 134
6.3 STRUCTURING THE ORGANIZATION FOR OPTIMAL COMMUNICATION......Page 135
6.4 REWARDS AND MOTIVATION......Page 136
6.5 REWARD SYSTEM DISCUSSION......Page 138
6.6 SENSE OF CONTROL AND COMMUNITY......Page 141
6.7 A FEDERAL R&D LABORATORY CASE......Page 143
6.9 QUESTIONS FOR CLASS DISCUSSION......Page 144
CHAPTER 7: DEALING WITH DIVERSITY IN R&D ORGANIZATIONS......Page 145
7.1 ASSIMILATION AND MULTICULTURALISM......Page 146
7.2 UNDERSTANDING CULTURE......Page 148
7.3 CULTURAL DIFFERENCES......Page 150
7.4 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN PEOPLE FROM DIFFERENT CULTURES WORK TOGETHER?......Page 151
7.6 CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE AND RELATED CONCEPTS......Page 152
7.7 A MODEL FOR DIVERSITY IN GROUPS......Page 154
7.8 THE STATUS OF MINORITIES IN WORK GROUPS......Page 157
7.10 INTERCULTURAL TRAINING......Page 158
7.12 QUESTIONS FOR CLASS DISCUSSION......Page 161
CHAPTER 8: LEADERSHIP IN R&D ORGANIZATIONS......Page 162
8.1 IDENTIFYING YOUR LEADERSHIP STYLE......Page 164
8.2 THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP AND LEADERSHIP STYLES......Page 173
8.3 LEADERSHIP IN R&D ORGANIZATIONS......Page 176
8.4 R&D LEADERSHIP: A PROCESS OF MUTUAL INFLUENCE......Page 179
8.5 A LEADERSHIP-STYLE CASE......Page 180
8.6 LEADERSHIP IN A CREATIVE RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT......Page 182
8.7 SUMMARY......Page 183
8.8 QUESTIONS FOR CLASS DISCUSSION......Page 185
9.1 CONFLICT WITHIN INDIVIDUALS......Page 186
9.2 CONFLICT BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS......Page 191
9.3 CONFLICT BETWEEN GROUPS......Page 193
9.4 INTERCULTURAL CONFLICT......Page 199
9.5 PERSONAL STYLES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION......Page 201
9.6 UNIQUE ISSUES OF CONFLICT IN R&D ORGANIZATIONS......Page 203
9.8 SUMMARY......Page 205
9.9 QUESTIONS FOR CLASS DISCUSSION......Page 206
10.1 SOME NEGATIVE CONNOTATIONS OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL......Page 207
10.2 DIFFICULTIES WITH EMPLOYEE APPRAISAL......Page 209
10.3 PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL AND THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM......Page 211
10.5 PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL AND ORGANIZATION PRODUCTIVITY......Page 212
10.6 GOALS OF ENGINEERS VERSUS SCIENTISTS......Page 213
10.7 PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL AND MONETARY REWARDS......Page 214
10.8 PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL IN PRACTICE......Page 216
10.9 A UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT CASE......Page 217
10.10 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY WITH EMPHASIS ON EMPLOYEE CONTRIBUTION......Page 218
10.12 QUESTIONS FOR CLASS DISCUSSION......Page 225
10.13 APPENDIX: ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY PERFORMANCE REVIEW INFORMATION*......Page 226
CHAPTER 11: TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER......Page 235
11.2 STAGES OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER......Page 236
11.3 APPROACHES AND FACTORS AFFECTING TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER......Page 238
11.4 ROLE OF THE USER......Page 240
11.5 CHARACTERISTICS OF INNOVATION AND ITS DIFFUSION......Page 242
11.6 ROLE OF PEOPLE......Page 244
11.7 BOUNDARY SPANNING......Page 245
11.8 ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES IN TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER......Page 248
11.9 THE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION MODEL......Page 249
11.10 NASA TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PROGRAMS......Page 250
11.11 IBM TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CASES......Page 251
11.12 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER STRATEGY......Page 253
11.13 SUMMARY......Page 258
11.14 QUESTIONS FOR CLASS DISCUSSION......Page 259
CHAPTER 12: MODELS FOR IMPLEMENTING INCREMENTAL AND RADICAL INNOVATION......Page 260
12.1 DEFINING INNOVATION......Page 261
12.2 STRATEGIC CHOICES IN TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION......Page 264
12.3 MAKING TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION OPERATIONAL......Page 266
12.4 THE MARKET, MARKETERS, AND MARKET RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION......Page 271
12.5 LEADING INNOVATIVE ORGANIZATIONS......Page 275
12.6 SUMMARY......Page 276
12.7 QUESTIONS FOR CLASS DISCUSSION......Page 278
CHAPTER 13: ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE IN R&D SETTINGS......Page 279
13.1 WHY ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE?......Page 280
13.3 PROBLEMS AND ACTION STEPS......Page 281
13.4 INDIVIDUAL CHANGE......Page 284
13.5 GROUP CHANGE: TEAM BUILDING......Page 286
13.6 ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE......Page 289
13.7 EVALUATING ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE......Page 290
13.8 CASE STUDY IN ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE......Page 292
13.10 QUESTIONS FOR CLASS DISCUSSION......Page 295
14.1 OVERALL TRENDS WITHIN AND BETWEEN SECTORS......Page 296
14.2 TRENDS IN RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND INNOVATION IN THE COMMERCIAL REALM......Page 298
14.3 TRENDS IN RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT......Page 301
14.4 TRENDS IN RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND INNOVATION IN UNIVERSITIES......Page 308
14.5 OPEN INNOVATION, REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, AND THE GLOBAL INNOVATION NETWORK......Page 312
14.6 SUMMARY......Page 316
14.7 QUESTIONS FOR CLASS DISCUSSION......Page 317
CHAPTER 15: UNIVERSITIES AND BASIC RESEARCH......Page 318
15.1 BASIS FOR UNIVERSITY RESEARCH ACTIVITIES......Page 319
15.2 FEDERAL SUPPORT OF UNIVERSITY RESEARCH: AN ENTITLEMENT OR A MEANS TO ACHIEVE NATIONAL GOALS?......Page 320
15.3 BASIC RESEARCH: WHO NEEDS IT?......Page 323
15.4 UNIVERSITY–INDUSTRY LINKAGE......Page 331
15.5 RETHINKING INVESTMENT IN BASIC RESEARCH......Page 333
15.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING COMMENTS......Page 334
15.7 QUESTIONS FOR CLASS DISCUSSION......Page 335
CHAPTER 16: R&D ORGANIZATIONS AND STRATEGY......Page 337
16.1 WHAT IS STRATEGY?......Page 338
16.3 STRATEGY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION......Page 341
16.4 STRATEGY EVALUATION......Page 343
16.5 STRATEGY AND INNOVATION......Page 344
16.6 TECHNOLOGY AND STRATEGY......Page 346
16.7 APPLYING A STRATEGY PROCESS......Page 347
16.9 QUESTIONS FOR CLASS DISCUSSION......Page 352
CHAPTER 17: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND SCIENCE POLICY......Page 353
17.1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY......Page 356
17.2 TECHNICAL INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT......Page 358
17.3 ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENT IN BASIC RESEARCH......Page 361
17.4 R&D EXPENDITURE......Page 362
17.5 R&D PRODUCTIVITY......Page 369
17.6 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON INNOVATION......Page 374
17.7 R&D EXPENDITURE AND SCIENCE POLICY......Page 379
17.8 SUMMARY......Page 384
17.9 QUESTIONS FOR CLASS DISCUSSION......Page 385
REFERENCES......Page 386
AUTHOR INDEX......Page 405
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 409