Managing outdoor recreation : case studies in the national parks

Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 12
Acknowledgements......Page 14
PART I: MANAGING OUTDOOR RECREATION......Page 16
Conceptual Frameworks......Page 18
An Outdoor Recreation Management Framework......Page 23
Managing Outdoor Recreation......Page 24
Impacts to Park Resources......Page 25
Impacts to the Visitor Experience......Page 30
Impacts to Facilities/Services......Page 31
Conclusion......Page 34
Management Strategies......Page 35
Management Tactics or Practices......Page 38
Theories of Moral Development......Page 40
Conclusion......Page 42
Information and Education......Page 43
Use Rationing and Allocation......Page 50
Rules and Regulations......Page 58
Law Enforcement......Page 60
Zoning......Page 61
Facility Development, Site Design, and Maintenance......Page 62
Conclusion......Page 63
Management Matrices......Page 64
Observations on the Management Matrices and Appendices......Page 70
Case Studies......Page 71
PART II: CASE STUDIES IN THE NATIONAL PARKS......Page 76
Introduction......Page 78
Managing Hiking in Acadia National Park......Page 79
Further Reading......Page 81
Introduction......Page 82
Managing Camping along the Appalachian Trail......Page 83
Further Reading......Page 85
Introduction......Page 86
Arches National Park......Page 87
Measuring and Managing Carrying Capacity......Page 88
Further Reading......Page 90
Introduction......Page 91
Biscayne National Park......Page 92
Managing Recreational Boating at Biscayne......Page 93
Further Reading......Page 94
Introduction......Page 96
Managing Night Skies above Chaco Canyon......Page 97
Further Reading......Page 99
Denali National Park and Preserve......Page 100
The Denali Park Road......Page 101
The Denali Park Wilderness......Page 102
Wildlife as a Park Indicator......Page 103
Further Reading......Page 104
Introduction......Page 105
Colorado River Management Plan......Page 106
Further Reading......Page 109
Introduction......Page 110
Managing the “Soundscape” of Muir Woods......Page 111
Further Reading......Page 113
Introduction......Page 114
Mesa Verde National Park......Page 115
Managing Mesa Verde......Page 116
Further Reading......Page 117
Introduction......Page 118
Managing Recreational Use on Mt Whitney......Page 119
Further Reading......Page 121
Introduction......Page 122
Petrified Forest National Park......Page 123
Managing (and Minimizing) Theft of Petrified Wood......Page 124
Further Reading......Page 125
Katmai National Park and Preserve......Page 127
Managing Visitors and Bears at Brooks River Area......Page 129
Further Reading......Page 130
Voyageurs National Park......Page 132
Managing Voyageurs’ Water Resources......Page 133
Further Reading......Page 135
Introduction......Page 137
Yosemite National Park and Half Dome......Page 138
Studying and Managing Use of Half Dome......Page 139
This Page is Intentionally Left Blank......Page 141
Further Reading......Page 142
Zion National Park......Page 143
Managing Cars at Zion National Park......Page 144
Further Reading......Page 146
Introduction......Page 147
Managing Overflights in Grand Canyon National Park......Page 149
Further Reading......Page 150
Introduction......Page 151
Managing the National Mall......Page 152
Further Reading......Page 155
Introduction......Page 156
Managing Winter Visitation in Yellowstone......Page 158
Further Reading......Page 159
Introduction......Page 161
Grand Teton National Park......Page 162
Promoting Alternative Travel in Grand Teton......Page 163
Further Reading......Page 164
Introduction......Page 165
Managing Backcountry Camping in Glacier......Page 166
Further Reading......Page 169
PART III: CONCLUSIONS......Page 170
26 Lessons Learned......Page 172
Principle 1: Parks and related outdoor recreation areas must be managed in ways that provide outdoor recreation opportunities but also protect park resources and the quality of the visitor experience......Page 173
Principle 2: Outdoor recreation management should be guided by a management-by-objectives framework......Page 174
Principle 5: The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum should be used to help ensure diversity in outdoor recreation opportunities......Page 175
Principle 6: Outdoor recreation can impact parks and related areas in many ways, including park resources, visitor experiences, and park facilities and services......Page 176
Principle 8: Outdoor recreation can be managed using six basic categories of management tactics or practices......Page 177
Principle 9: Outdoor recreation management problems can be addressed by more than one management strategy or practice......Page 178
Principle 11: Outdoor recreation management practices can be used to advance more than one management strategy......Page 179
Principle 13: Where possible, a reinforcing program of outdoor recreation management practices should be used......Page 180
Principle 16: Potential unintended and undesirable consequences of outdoor recreation management practices should be identified and avoided......Page 181
Principle 18: Management of outdoor recreation should be as informed as possible by understanding the cause of the impact or problem......Page 182
Principle 20: Outdoor recreation management should focus on the impacts of recreation use, not use itself......Page 183
Principle 22: Limiting or rationing outdoor recreation use requires consideration of how limited opportunities for use will be allocated......Page 184
Principle 24: Intensive outdoor recreation use usually demands intensive management......Page 185
Principle 27: The list of park and outdoor recreation “resources” that need protection continues to evolve and expand......Page 186
Principle 29: Outdoor recreation management can impact the quality of the visitor experience both positively and negatively......Page 187
Principle 31: Partnerships between park and related outdoor recreation management agencies and other groups and entities can be helpful in managing outdoor recreation......Page 188
Principle 33: Quality in outdoor recreation is most appropriately defined as the degree to which recreation opportunities meet the objectives for which they are managed......Page 189
Principle 35: Managers must exercise their professional judgment in outdoor recreation management......Page 190
Conclusion......Page 191
APPENDIX A: MANAGEMENT PRACTICES......Page 194
Appendix A1 Management Practices for Limiting Use......Page 196
Appendix A2 Management Practices for Increasing Supply......Page 208
Appendix A3 Management Practices for Reducing the Impact of Use......Page 215
Appendix A4 Management Practices for Hardening Resources and the Visitor Experience......Page 226
APPENDIX B: TEACHING AND MANAGEMENT TOOLS......Page 234
Bibliography......Page 236
B......Page 250
C......Page 251
G......Page 252
I......Page 253
M......Page 254
P......Page 255
R......Page 256
T......Page 257
Z......Page 258