Managing Coral Reefs: An Ecological and Institutional Analysis of Ecosystem Services in Southeast Asia

Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Acknowledgments
List of Abbreviations
1. Introduction
	1.1 Reefs and People
		1.1.1 Structure of the text
		1.1.2 Societies, economies and reef ecosystems
		1.1.3 Contrasting governance
		1.1.4 Institutions: Marine protected areas
2. Theory, Practice and Policy Context of Coral Reef Management
	2.1 Multilateral Frameworks for Conservation in Indonesia and Malaysia
	2.2 Theorizing about Institutions and Change
		2.2.1 Socioecological systems: Comparing institutions
	2.3 Significance of This Research: Development Trends and Institutional Norms
		2.3.1 Defining adaptive co-management
		2.3.2 Adaptive capacity
		2.3.3 Criticisms of adaptive co-management
	2.4 Conventional Wisdom on Reef Management
		2.4.1 Designing institutions for reef management
		2.4.2 Reef management and stakeholder perception
		2.4.3 Linking ecological outcomes to institutions
3. Governing Natural Resources in Indonesia and Malaysia
	3.1 Indonesia’s Road to Decentralization
		3.1.1 Colonial legacies and changing governance
		3.1.2 New Order Indonesia and centralized control
		3.1.3 Contemporary rise of co-management
	3.2 The Origins of Centralized Malaysian Governance
		3.2.1 Precolonial kingdoms
		3.2.2 British colonial rule and centralization
		3.2.3 Contemporary Malaysia
		3.2.4 Malaysian Marine Parks
4. Case Study Sites and the Coral Triangle
	4.1 Situating This Research in Global Environmental Research Agendas
	4.2 Why MPAs in the Coral Triangle?
	4.3 Indonesian Case Sites: Co-managed MPAs
		4.3.1 Lovina
		4.3.2 Pemuteran
		4.3.3 Amed
	4.4 Malaysian Case Sites: Centrally Managed MPAs
		4.4.1 Perhentian Islands
		4.4.2 Tioman Island
	4.5 Controlling for Differences across Case Sites
	4.6 Ecological Results: Overview of Coral Cover Results
	4.7 Summary of Living Coral Cover Findings
5. Integrated Management of Marine Protected Areas
	5.1 Overview
	5.2 Survey Results
		5.3 Different Perceptions on Conservation and Livelihood Links
		5.3.1 Malaysia: Conservation is not my problem
		5.3.2 Indonesia: The reef economy
	5.4 Businesses That Promote Conservation
		5.4.1 Malaysia: Out of gas
		5.4.2 Indonesia: Put your money where your mouth is
	5.5 MPAs Help Business
		5.5.1 A tale of two mooring points
		5.5.2 Fishing is banned. Or is it?
	5.6 The Role of Civil Society
		5.6.1 NGOs and scientific monitoring
		5.6.2 NGOs link communities and ecology
	5.7 Summary and Conclusions
6. Legitimate Marine Protected Areas
	6.1 Overview: Stakeholder Perceptions on Legitimacy
	6.2 Survey Results
	6.3 Different Perceptions of Institutional Efficacy
		6.3.1 Malaysia: Invisible maintenance and park facilities
		6.3.2 Malaysia: “Where is the science?”
		6.3.3 Indonesia: MPAs “get the job done”
		6.3.4 Indonesia: All for show?
		6.3.5 Indonesia: Strength in mandatory membership
		6.3.6 Indonesia: Again, where’s the science?
	6.4 Different Perceptions of Institutional Value
		6.4.1 Malaysia: Hardly working?
		6.4.2 Indonesia: Reefs as income generators
	6.5 Sharing Power with Stakeholders
		6.5.1 Malaysia: When information is not enough
		6.5.2 Indonesia: Genuine leaders
	6.6 Summary and Conclusions
7. Adaptive Capacity of Marine Protected Areas
	7.1 Overview
	7.2 Survey Results
	7.3 Different Stakeholder Perceptions on Learning
		7.3.1 Malaysia: Fear and learning
		7.3.2 Indonesia: Learning with pride
	7.4 Changing MPA Management
		7.4.1 Malaysia: Bureaucratic obstacles to change
		7.4.2 Indonesia: Change is possible—but not without graft
	7.5 Innovation
		7.5.1 Indonesia: Widespread innovation
		7.5.2 Malaysia: Fear of fragmented responses
	7.6 Summary and Conclusions
8. Policy Recommendations for Marine Protected Area Management in Developing Countries
	8.1 Overview
	8.2 Insights on Integrated Management of MPAs
		8.2.1 Linking economics and conservation
		8.2.2 Trust of business
		8.2.3 Too many cooks in the kitchen: The future of coral-focused NGOs
	8.3 The Legitimacy of MPAs
		8.3.1 Enhancing Malaysian legitimacy using lessons from Indonesia
		8.3.2 The need for top-down action in Indonesia
		8.3.3 Posters are not enough
	8.4 Insight on Adaptive Capacity of MPAs
		8.4.1 Revising management
		8.4.2 Innovation cannot stave off global crises
	8.5 Summary of Key Policy Recommendations for Indonesia
		8.5.1 Co-management needs greater support in government
		8.5.2 The role of local youth
		8.5.3 Ending graft
	8.6 Policy Recommendations for Malaysia
		8.6.1 Recruiting the best people and increasing scientific expertise
		8.6.2 Underwater patrols and increased fines
		8.6.3 Highly visible violations need to be stopped
		8.6.4 Courting communities
	8.7 Conservation of Coastal Biodiversity
Appendix A. Research Design
	A.1 Overview
		A.1.1 Creating analytical constructs: Institutions
		A.1.2 Comparing analytical constructs: The socioecological systems framework
		A.1.3 Measuring ecological output
		A.1.4 Problems with research design
Appendix B. Data and Methods
	B.1 Overview
	B.2 Interviews
	B.3 Surveys
	B.4 Reef Surveys
	B.5 Analysis
Appendix C. Coral Cover Results
	C.1 Comparing Coral Cover across Malaysia and Indonesia
		C.1.1 Coral bleaching
		C.1.2 Ecological impacts of the dive industry
	C.2 Comparing Coral Cover Findings with Other Studies
	C.3 Images from Surveys and Stakeholder Perceptions on Reef Health
		C.3.1 Lovina, Indonesia
		C.3.2 Pemuteran, Indonesia
		C.3.3 Amed, Indonesia
		C.3.4 Perhentian Islands, Malaysia
		C.3.5 Tioman Island, Malaysia
References
Index