Management on Complicated Ocular Trauma

Foreword
Foreword
Preface
Contents
1: Complicated Corneal and Scleral Rupture
	1.1	 Introduction
	1.2	 Definition
	1.3	 Case
	1.4	 Important Signs, Examinations, Diagnosis, Surgical Procedures and Skills, or Postoperative Treatment for Complications
	1.5	 Personal Experience or Matters That Need Attention
	1.6	 Specific Challenges of Corneal and Scleral Rupture
	References
2: Traumatic Cyclodialysis
	2.1	 Introduction
	2.2	 Definition and Epidemiology
	2.3	 Pathogenesis
	2.4	 Clinical Manifestations
	2.5	 Investigations
	2.6	 Management
	2.7	 Specific Challenges and Personal Experience
	2.8	 Case 1
	2.9	 Case 2
	References
3: Traumatic Aniridia
	3.1	 Introduction
	3.2	 Definition of the Disease
	3.3	 Implants for Iris Defects
	3.4	 Brief Case Reports
		3.4.1	 Case 1
		3.4.2	 Case 2 (Courtesy of Dr. Ariel Blanco)
		3.4.3	 Case 3 (Courtesy of Dr. Ariel Blanco)
	3.5	 Important Signs, Examinations, Diagnosis, Surgical Procedures and Skills, or Postoperative Treatment for Complications
	3.6	 Personal Experiences
	References
4: Traumatic Dislocation of the Lens
	4.1	 Introduction
	4.2	 Definition
	4.3	 Case 1
	4.4	 Case 2
	4.5	 Important Signs
	4.6	 Examinations
	4.7	 Treatment
	4.8	 Surgical Treatment
		4.8.1	 Lens Extraction
		4.8.2	 IOL Selection
		4.8.3	 IOL Implantation
			4.8.3.1	 Anterior Chamber IOL Implantation
			4.8.3.2	 Iris-Fixed IOL Implantation
			4.8.3.3	 Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens Implantation
				Presence of Capsular Bag Support
				Absence of Capsular Bag Support
	References
5: Intraocular Hemorrhage
	5.1	 Introduction
	5.2	 Definition
		5.2.1	 Hyphema
		5.2.2	 Vitreous Hemorrhage
	5.3	 Cases
	5.4	 Important Signs, Examinations, Diagnosis, Surgical Procedures, or Postoperative Treatment for Complications
	5.5	 Personal Experience
	5.6	 Specific Challenges
	References
6: Open Globe Injury with Choroidal and Retinal Detachment
	6.1	 Introduction
	6.2	 Definition
	6.3	 Case Report
	6.4	 Approach to a patient with Traumatic Choroidal and Retinal Detachment
		6.4.1	 Preoperative Evaluation
			6.4.1.1	 History
			6.4.1.2	 Examination
		6.4.2	 Imaging
		6.4.3	 Management
	6.5	 Prognosis and Long-Term Outcome
	6.6	 Specific Challenges from Personal Experience
	References
7: Choroidal and Retinal Detachment Combined with Cyclodialysis in Open Globe Injury
	7.1	 Introduction
	7.2	 Definition
	7.3	 Case
	7.4	 Important Signs, Examinations, Diagnosis, Surgical Procedures, and Postoperative Treatment for Complications
		7.4.1	 Important signs
		7.4.2	 Examination and Diagnosis
			7.4.2.1	 Slit-Lamp Examination
			7.4.2.2	 Computed Tomography
			7.4.2.3	 B-Scan Ultrasonography
			7.4.2.4	 Gonioscopy, Ultrasound Biomicroscopy and Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography
		7.4.3	 Treatment
			7.4.3.1	 Treatment for Retinal Detachment and Choroidal Detachment
			7.4.3.2	 Cyclodialysis Treatment
		7.4.4	 Postoperative Treatment for Complication
	References
8: Repairment of Traumatic Choroidal Tear
	8.1	 Anatomy of the Choroid
		8.1.1	 Bruch’s Membrane
		8.1.2	 Choriocapillaris
		8.1.3	 Vascular Layer
		8.1.4	 Suprachoroid
		8.1.5	 Blood Supply of the Choroid
		8.1.6	 Nerve Supply of the Choroid
		8.1.7	 Physiological Function of the Choroid
	8.2	 Causes, Classification, and Mechanism of Choroidal Injury
		8.2.1	 Causes of Choroidal Injury
		8.2.2	 Classification and Mechanism of Choroidal Injury
			8.2.2.1	 Choroidal Rupture
			8.2.2.2	 Choroidal Detachment
			8.2.2.3	 Choroidal Avulsion
	8.3	 Clinical Presentation of Choroidal Injury
		8.3.1	 Choroidal Rupture
		8.3.2	 Choroidal Detachment
		8.3.3	 Choroidal Avulsion
	8.4	 Treatment of Choroidal Injury
		8.4.1	 Choroidal Rupture
		8.4.2	 Choroidal Detachment
		8.4.3	 Choroidal Avulsion
	References
9: Complicated Ocular Trauma with Corneal Opacity
	9.1	 Introduction
	9.2	 Etiology
	9.3	 Pathophysiology
	9.4	 Evaluating Corneal Opacities
	9.5	 Treatment
	9.6	 Surgical Case 1
	9.7	 Surgical Case 2
	References
10: Traumatic Giant Macular Hole
	10.1	 Introduction
	10.2	 Definition
	10.3	 Symptoms and Signs
	10.4	 Diagnosis
	10.5	 Treatment
	10.6	 Case
	10.7	 Personal Experience
	10.8	 Specific Challenges
	References
11: Posterior Polar Ocular Perforating Injury
	11.1	 Introduction
	11.2	 Definition
	11.3	 Case (Brief Case Report Based on Figs. 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, and 11.4)
		11.3.1	 Case 1
		11.3.2	 Case 2
		11.3.3	 Case 3
		11.3.4	 Case 4
	11.4	 Important Signs, Examinations, Diagnosis, Surgical Procedures, or Postoperative Treatment for Complications
		11.4.1	 Pre- and Post-operative Examinations and Diagnosis
		11.4.2	 Surgical Procedures
			11.4.2.1	 Emergency Repairing Surgery
			11.4.2.2	 Timing of Vitrectomy
			11.4.2.3	 Vitrectomy
		11.4.3	 Characteristics of Wounds in Posterior Pole Perforating Ocular Injury
		11.4.4	 Visual Acuity
		11.4.5	 Management of Intraorbital Foreign Bodies
		11.4.6	 Anatomic Outcomes
		11.4.7	 Intraocular Pressure
		11.4.8	 Comparisons of Factors Related to the Final Vision
		11.4.9	 Postoperative Complications
	11.5	 Personal Experience or Matters Need Attention
		11.5.1	 Timing of Vitrectomy
		11.5.2	 Dealing with the Scleral Wound
		11.5.3	 A Special Paragraph to Discuss the Specific Challenges
	References
12: Giant Intraocular Foreign Body
	12.1	 Introduction
	12.2	 Case Report
	12.3	 Preoperative Evaluation
		12.3.1	 History
		12.3.2	 Examination
		12.3.3	 Imaging
	12.4	 Preoperative Care
	12.5	 Surgical Management
	12.6	 Postoperative Complications
		12.6.1	 Endophthalmitis
		12.6.2	 Retinal Detachment
		12.6.3	 Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy
		12.6.4	 Sympathetic Ophthalmia
	12.7	 Personal Experience
	12.8	 Specific Challenges
	References
13: Orbital Foreign Bodies
	13.1	 Introduction
	13.2	 Classification
	13.3	 Etiopathogenesis
	13.4	 Clinical Presentation
	13.5	 Evaluation
	13.6	 Investigations
		13.6.1	 Imaging
		13.6.2	 Perimetry
		13.6.3	 Electrophysiological Tests
	13.7	 Management
	13.8	 Complications
	13.9	 Prevention
	13.10	 Conclusion
	References
14: Traumatic Glaucoma
	14.1	 Introduction
	14.2	 Glaucoma Secondary to Traumatic Intraocular Hemorrhage
		14.2.1	 Hyphema
			14.2.1.1	 Etiology
			14.2.1.2	 Clinical Manifestation
		14.2.2	 Hemosiderin Glaucoma
			14.2.2.1	 Etiology
			14.2.2.2	 Clinical Manifestations
		14.2.3	 Hemolytic Glaucoma
			14.2.3.1	 Etiology
			14.2.3.2	 Clinical Manifestations
		14.2.4	 Ghost-cell Glaucoma
			14.2.4.1	 Etiology
			14.2.4.2	 Clinical Manifestations
		14.2.5	 Treatment
			14.2.5.1	 Drug Treatment
			14.2.5.2	 Anterior Chamber Irrigation
				Vitrectomy
			14.2.5.3	 Glaucoma Drainage Surgery
	14.3	 Secondary Glaucoma by Lens Dislocation
		14.3.1	 Etiology
		14.3.2	 Clinical Manifestation
		14.3.3	 Treatment
		14.3.4	 Surgical Procedures (Video 14.1)
	14.4	 Glaucoma Secondary to Traumatic Rupture of the Lens Capsule
		14.4.1	 Lens Allergic Glaucoma
			14.4.1.1	 Etiology
			14.4.1.2	 Clinical Manifestation
		14.4.2	 Lens Particle Glaucoma
			14.4.2.1	 Etiology
			14.4.2.2	 Clinical Manifestation
		14.4.3	 Phacolytic Glaucoma
			14.4.3.1	 Etiology
			14.4.3.2	 Clinical Manifestation
			14.4.3.3	 Treatment
	14.5	 Traumatic Malignant Glaucoma
		14.5.1	 Etiology
		14.5.2	 Clinical Manifestation
		14.5.3	 Treatment
		14.5.4	 Case Presentation
		14.5.5	 Ophthalmic Examination
		14.5.6	 Surgical Procedure (Video 14.2)
	14.6	 Traumatic Neovascular Glaucoma
		14.6.1	 Etiology
		14.6.2	 Clinical Manifestations
		14.6.3	 Treatment
	14.7	 Glaucoma Secondary to Traumatic Angle Recession
		14.7.1	 Etiology
		14.7.2	 Clinical Manifestation
		14.7.3	 Treatment
	14.8	 Low IOP Glaucoma Secondary to Traumatic Cyclodialysis
		14.8.1	 Etiology
		14.8.2	 Clinical Manifestations
		14.8.3	 Treatment
			14.8.3.1	 Medication
		14.8.4	 Surgical Procedure (Video 14.3)
	14.9	 Glaucoma Secondary to Corneal Perforation
		14.9.1	 Etiology
		14.9.2	 Clinical Manifestation
		14.9.3	 Treatment
	14.10	 Glaucoma Secondary to Traumatic Iris Defect
		14.10.1	 Etiology
		14.10.2	 Pathogenesis
		14.10.3	 Clinical Manifestation
		14.10.4	 Treatment
		14.10.5	 Treatment
		14.10.6	 Case Presentation
		14.10.7	 Surgical Procedure (Video 14.4)
	14.11	 Glaucoma Secondary to Traumatic Uveitis
		14.11.1	 Etiology
		14.11.2	 Occurs In
		14.11.3	 Clinical Manifestation
		14.11.4	 Treatment
	14.12	 Glaucoma Secondary to Intraocular Foreign Body
15: Traumatic Endophthalmitis
	15.1	 Introduction
	15.2	 Case Report
	15.3	 Microbiology
	15.4	 Antibiotic Susceptibility
	15.5	 Diagnosis
	15.6	 Treatment
		15.6.1	 Prophylaxis
		15.6.2	 Vitrectomy
		15.6.3	 Personal Experience
		15.6.4	 Specific Challenge
	References
16: Permanent Silicone Oil Tamponade
	16.1	 Introduction
	16.2	 Definition
	16.3	 Pathogenesis and Mechanisms
	16.4	 Symptoms and Signs
	16.5	 Examinations
	16.6	 Management of Complication in Permanent Silicone Oil Tamponade
	16.7	 Case of Retinal Detachment in Silicone Oil Tamponade Eye
	16.8	 Personal Experience
	16.9	 Specific Challenges
	References
17: Traumatic Optic Neuropathy
	17.1	 Introduction
	17.2	 Definition
	17.3	 Incidence: Etiology
	17.4	 Classification
	17.5	 Pathophysiology
	17.6	 History
	17.7	 Complementary Examinations
	17.8	 Differential Diagnosis
	17.9	 Treatment
	17.10	 Corticosteroids
	17.11	 Surgical Treatment
		17.11.1	 Prognosis
	References
18: Complex Orbital Fractures
	18.1	 Introduction
	18.2	 Combined Orbital Floor: Medial Wall Fractures
	18.3	 Zygomatico-maxillary Complex (ZMC) Fractures
	18.4	 Naso-orbito-ethmoid (NOE) Fractures
	18.5	 Le Fort II and III Fractures
	18.6	 Cranio-orbital and Cranio-orbitofacial Fractures
	18.7	 Panfacial Fractures
	18.8	 Orbital Fractures with Globe Injuries
	18.9	 Orbital Fractures with Traumatic Optic Neuropathy
	18.10	 Orbital Fractures with Foreign Bodies
	18.11	 Revision Orbital Fractures
	18.12	 Summary
	References
19: Traumatic Globe Luxation
	19.1	 Introduction
	19.2	 Definition
	19.3	 Case (Brief Case Report Based on the Figures)
	19.4	 Important Signs, Examinations, Diagnosis, Surgical Procedures, or Postoperative Treatment for Complications
		19.4.1	 Traumatic Eyeball Luxation Examinations and Diagnosis
		19.4.2	 Surgical Procedures for Traumatic Eyeball Luxation
	19.5	 Personal Experience or Matters Need Attention
	References
20: Complicated Blepharal Trauma
	20.1	 Full-thickness Eyelid Laceration
		20.1.1	 Introduction
		20.1.2	 Definition
		20.1.3	 Important Signs, Examinations, Diagnosis, Surgical Procedures and Skills, or Postoperative Treatment for Complications
		20.1.4	 Case 1
	20.2	 Canalicular Laceration
		20.2.1	 Introduction
		20.2.2	 Definition
		20.2.3	 Case 2
		20.2.4	 Important Signs, Examinations, Diagnosis, Surgical Procedures and Skills, or Postoperative Treatment for Complications
	20.3	 Eyelid Foreign Body
		20.3.1	 Introduction
		20.3.2	 Definition
		20.3.3	 Case 3
		20.3.4	 Case 4
		20.3.5	 Important Signs, Examinations, Diagnosis, Surgical Procedures and Skills, or Postoperative Treatment for Complications
	20.4	 Eyelid Burns
		20.4.1	 Introduction
		20.4.2	 Definition
		20.4.3	 Case 5
		20.4.4	 Important Signs, Examinations, Diagnosis, Surgical Procedures and Skills, or Postoperative Treatment for Complications
			20.4.4.1	 Evaluation
			20.4.4.2	 Initial Treatment
			20.4.4.3	 Complications
	20.5	 Traumatic Ptosis
		20.5.1	 Introduction
		20.5.2	 Definition
		20.5.3	 Important Signs, Examinations, Diagnosis, Surgical Procedures and Skills, or Postoperative Treatment for Complications
	20.6	 A Special Paragraph to Discuss the Specific Challenges
	References
21: Severe Ocular Chemical Injury
	21.1	 Introduction
	21.2	 Definition
		21.2.1	 Types of Chemical Injuries
		21.2.2	 Factors Influencing the Severity of Eye Chemical Injuries
		21.2.3	 The Main Pathological Lesions in the Late Stage of Anterior Segment Chemical Injuries
	21.3	 Alkali Burn
		21.3.1	 Pathological Process
		21.3.2	 PH Value and Damage Degree
		21.3.3	 Clinical Stage and Grade of Alkaline Chemical Injury of Anterior Segment
	21.4	 Acid Burn
	21.5	 Treatment of Alkali Burns
		21.5.1	 Drug Therapy
			21.5.1.1	 Emergency Treatment
			21.5.1.2	 Application of Soft Contact Lens
			21.5.1.3	 Glucocorticoid
			21.5.1.4	 Collagen Preparations
			21.5.1.5	 Infection Prevention
		21.5.2	 Surgical Treatment
	21.6	 Case 1
	21.7	 Case 2
	21.8	 Case 3
	21.9	 Case 4
	21.10	 Case 5
	21.11	 Personal Experiences or Matters Need Attention
	References
22: Ocular Laser Burns
	22.1	 Introduction
	22.2	 Definition
	22.3	 Cases
	22.4	 Important Signs, Examinations, Diagnosis, and Management of Ocular Laser Injuries
	22.5	 Recommendations
	22.6	 In Brief
	References
23: Pediatric Ocular Trauma
	23.1	 Introduction
	23.2	 Epidemiology of Pediatric Ocular Trauma
	23.3	 Clinical Evaluation and Management of Pediatric Eye Trauma
	23.4	 Emergency Management of Trauma
	23.5	 Managements of Pediatric Traumatic Cataract
	23.6	 Timing of Secondary Vitreous Surgery
	23.7	 The Features of Pediatric Vitrectomy
	23.8	 Prevention of Pediatric Trauma
	References