Management of Wastewater and Sludge: New Approaches

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 An Overview of Developments in Wastewater Treatment Technologies
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Adopting and Implementing Suitable Treatment Technology
	1.3 Advancements of Treatment Technologies
		1.3.1 Biological Treatment
			1.3.1.1 Aerobic Treatment
			1.3.1.2 Anaerobic Treatment
		1.3.2 Physiochemical Treatment Methods
			1.3.2.1 Membrane-Based Techniques
			1.3.2.2 Ion Exchange
			1.3.2.3 Chemical Precipitation
			1.3.2.4 Electrochemical Method of Treating Water and Wastewater
			1.3.2.5 Adsorption-Based Treatment
	1.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2 Introduction to Aerobic Granulation Technology: A Breakthrough in Wastewater Treatment System
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Difference Between Aerobic and Anaerobic Granulation
	2.3 Applications of Aerobic Granulation Technology as a Breakthrough in Wastewater Treatment System
		2.3.1 Lab-Scale Applications
			2.3.1.1 Biological Treatment of Organics From Wastewater
			2.3.1.2 Biological Nutrient (Nitrogen and Phosphorus) Removal From Wastewater
			2.3.1.3 Degradation of Toxic Substances
			2.3.1.4 Biosorption of Dyes and Heavy Metals
			2.3.1.5 Mathematical Modeling Practices
		2.3.2 Full-Scale Applications
	2.4 Characteristics of Aerobic Granular Sludge
	2.5 Technologies Associated with Aerobic Granulation Process
	2.6 Biochemical Processes Undergo During Aerobic Granulation and Microbiology Involved
		2.6.1 Biochemical Processes
		2.6.2 Microbiology
	2.7 A Case Study of Aerobic Granulation in Pre-Anoxic Selector Attached SBR in Roorkee, India
	2.8 Future Scope and Objectives
	2.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3 Modified Sequencing Batch Reactors for Wastewater Treatment
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Application of Sequencing Batch Reactor
		3.2.1 Biological Nitrogen Removal Process
		3.2.2 Simultaneous Nitrification-Denitrification (SND) Process
		3.2.3 Short-Cut Nitrogen Removal Process
		3.2.4 Anammox Process
		3.2.5 Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR)
		3.2.6 Simultaneous Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in an SBR Process
	3.3 Different Variants of SBR Technology
		3.3.1 Cyclic Activated Sludge System
		3.3.2 UNITANK Technology
		3.3.3 Intermediate Cycle Extended Aeration System (ICEAS)
	3.4 Recent Developments in the Application of SBR
		3.4.1 Algae-Based Sequencing Batch Suspended Biofilm Reactor (A-SBSBR)
		3.4.2 An Airlift Loop Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor
		3.4.3 Pressurized Sequencing Batch Reactor
		3.4.4 Micro-Electrolysis in Sequencing Batch Reactor
		3.4.5 Granular Sequencing Batch Reactor
		3.4.6 Fixed Bed Sequencing Batch Reactor (FBSBR)
		3.4.7 Moving Bed Sequencing Batch Reactor (MBSBR)
		3.4.8 Integrated Fixed-Film-Activated Sludge Sequencing Batch Reactor (IFAS-SBR)
		3.4.9 Membrane-Coupled Sequencing Batch Reactor
		3.4.10 Ultrasound-Induced Sequencing Batch Reactor
		3.4.11 Photo-Sequencing Batch Reactors (PSBRs)
		3.4.12 Photo-Fermentative Sequencing Batch Reactor (PFSBR)
		3.4.13 Photocatalytic Hybrid Sequencing Batch Reactor (PHSBR)
	3.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4 Zero Liquid Discharge in Industries
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Existing ZLD Systems
		4.2.1 Thermal ZLD
		4.2.2 Thermal ZLD Incorporated with an RO System
		4.2.3 Different ZLD Systems in Combination with Membrane-Based Techniques
	4.3 Importance of ZLD Techniques
	4.4 Challenges and Environmental Aspects of ZLD Technology
	4.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 5 Advanced Oxidation Processes and their Applications
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Types of Different Advanced Oxidation Processes
		5.2.1 Fenton-based AOPs
			5.2.1.1 Classical Fenton Process (CFP)
			5.2.1.2 Fenton-like Process
			5.2.1.3 Photo-Fenton Process
			5.2.1.4 Electro-Fenton Process
			5.2.1.5 Heterogeneous Fenton Catalysis
		5.2.2 Ozon-based AOPs
			5.2.2.1 Peroxone Process (O[sub(3)]/H[sub(2)]O[sub(2)])
			5.2.2.2 Ozonation at Elevated pH
	5.3 Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes
	5.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 6 An Overview Exploring Electrochemical Technologies for Wastewater Treatment
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Electrochemical-Based Approaches
		6.2.1 Electro-Oxidation
			6.2.1.1 Mechanism
		6.2.2 Electrodeposition
		6.2.3 Electrodialysis
		6.2.4 Electrocoagulation
	6.3 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7 Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Constructed Wetland (CWL) Types
		7.2.1 Free Water Surface-Flow CWL
		7.2.2 Subsurface-Flow CWL
			7.2.2.1 Horizontal-Flow CWL
			7.2.2.2 Vertical-Flow CWL
			7.2.2.3 Hybrid CWL
		7.2.3 Enhanced CWL
			7.2.3.1 Baffled Sub Surface-Flow CWL
			7.2.3.2 Aerated CWL
	7.3 Design and Operation of CWLs
		7.3.1 Selection of Macrophytes
		7.3.2 Selection of Substrate Media
	7.4 Design and Operational Parameters of CWLs
		7.4.1 Environmental Conditions
		7.4.2 Depth of Water
		7.4.3 Hydraulic Retention Time
		7.4.4 Feeding Mode
	7.5 Pollutant Removal Mechanisms in CWLs
		7.5.1 Removal of Organic Pollutants
		7.5.2 Nitrogen Removal
		7.5.3 Total Phosphate (TP) Removal
	7.6 Advantages and Limitations of CWLs
	7.7 Treated Wastewater Reuses Opportunities in Agriculture
	7.8 Integrated Microbial Fuel Cells with CWLs (CWL-MFCs)
	7.9 Cost Analysis
	7.10 Challenges and Future Recommendations
	7.11 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8 Introduction to Micropollutants and their Sources
	8.1 Introduction to Micropollutants
		8.1.1 Micropollutants in Human Health
	8.2 Sources of Micropollutants
		8.2.1 Point Source Pollution
		8.2.2 Diffuse Source Pollution
		8.2.3 Occurrence of Micropollutants
	8.3 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 9 Effects of Micropollutants on Human Health
	9.1 Introduction
		9.1.1 What are the Micropollutants?
		9.1.2 Sources and Pathways to Human Beings
	9.2 Effects of Micropollutants on Human Health
		9.2.1 Gastrointestinal Effects
		9.2.2 Cardiovascular Effects
		9.2.3 Neurological Effect
		9.2.4 Incident of Toroku Arsenic Pollution
		9.2.5 The Minimata Disaster and the Disease That Followed: Mercury Poisoning Sickened an Entire Japanese Town
		9.2.6 Reproductive Effects
		9.2.7 Lead: A Silent Killer in Nigeria
		9.2.8 Carcinogenic Effects
			9.2.8.1 Agrochemicals
			9.2.8.2 Weedkiller 'Raises the Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma by 41%'
			9.2.8.3 POPs
	9.3 Future Perspectives and Need for Public Awareness
		9.3.1 Measures to be Taken
		9.3.2 Why is Environmental Awareness Important?
	9.4 Convention and Regulation
	9.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 10 Biodegradability of Micropollutants in Wastewater and Natural Systems
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Removal Mechanisms
		10.2.1 Volatilization
		10.2.2 Adsorption
		10.2.3 Biodegradation
		10.2.4 Photolysis
	10.3 Factors Affecting Biodegradation of ECs in Wastewater Treatment
		10.3.1 SRT
		10.3.2 HRT
		10.3.3 pH
		10.3.4 Redox Condition
		10.3.5 Temperature
		10.3.6 Microbial Community
		10.3.7 Suspended vs. the Attached Growth Process
	10.4 Factors Affecting Biodegradation of ECs in Natural Systems
	10.5 Biotransformation
	10.6 Conclusion
	10.7 Research Scope
	References
Chapter 11 Biodegradation Technology for the Removal of Micropollutants: A Critical Review
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Physicochemical Treatment for Degradation
	11.3 Photocatalysis
	11.4 Sonochemical Methods and Nanoremediation
	11.5 Biotechnological Approaches for Micropollutant Degradation
	11.6 Microbial Electrochemical System
	11.7 Immobilized Enzymes for Micropollutant Degradation
	11.8 Metabolic Engineering Approaches for Pollutant Degradation
	11.9 Invention of Novel Genes Involved in Bioremediation
	11.10 Enhanced Bioremediation Via Metabolic Engineering Processes
	11.11 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 12 The Wholistic Approach for Sewage Sludge Management
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Current Status of Sewage Management
	12.3 Source of Sludge From Different Unit Operations or Processes of STP
	12.4 Characteristics of Sludge During Different Stages of Treatment
	12.5 Major Contaminants in Sludge: A Brief Overview
		12.5.1 Metallic Contaminants
		12.5.2 Organic Contaminants
		12.5.3 Pathogenic Organisms
	12.6 Sludge Stabilization
		12.6.1 Biological Stabilization
			12.6.1.1 Anaerobic Digestion (AAD)
			12.6.1.2 Aerobic Digestion (AD)
	12.7 Sludge Thickening and Dewatering
		12.7.1 Sludge Thickening
			12.7.1.1 Gravity Thickening
			12.7.1.2 Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) Thickening
			12.7.1.3 Gravity Belt (GB) Thickening
			12.7.1.4 Rotary Drum (RD) Thickening
			12.7.1.5 Centrifugal Thickening
		12.7.2 Dewatering Process
			12.7.2.1 Belt Filter Press (BFP)
			12.7.2.2 Screw Press
			12.7.2.3 Rotary Press
			12.7.2.4 Centrifugal Sludge Dewatering
			12.7.2.5 Sludge Drying Beds
			12.7.2.6 Lagoons
			12.7.2.7 Electro-Dewatering (EDW) Process
		12.7.3 Sludge Conditioning
			12.7.3.1 Inorganic Chemical Conditioning (ICC)
			12.7.3.2 Organic Polymers
			12.7.2.3 Thermal Conditioning
	12.8 Pathogen Removal From Sludge
	12.9 Assessment of Sludge Treatment and Disposal Options
		12.9.1 Current Sludge Management Practices
		12.9.2 Disposal Options
			12.9.2.1 Land Application
			12.9.2.2 Incineration
			12.9.2.3 Reutilization for Production of Building Materials
			12.9.2.4 Landfilling
	12.10 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter 13 Enhanced Biogas Production From Treatment Plant Sludges
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Anaerobic Digestion
		13.2.1 Microbiology of Anaerobic Digestion
	13.3 Pre-Treatment
		13.3.1 Biological Pre-Treatment
			13.3.1.1 Aerobic Pre-Treatment
			13.3.1.2 Anaerobic Pre-Treatment
			13.3.1.3 Enzyme Pre-Treatment
			13.3.1.4 Fungal Pre-Treatment
		13.3.2 Chemical Pre-Treatment
			13.3.2.1 Alkaline and Acidic Pre-Treatment
			13.3.2.2 Fenton Pre-Treatment
			13.3.2.3 Ionic Liquid Pre-Treatment
			13.3.2.4 Ozonation Pre-Treatment
		13.3.3 Physical Pre-Treatment
			13.3.3.1 Mechanical Pre-Treatment
			13.3.3.2 Microwave Pre-Treatment
			13.3.3.3 High-Pressure Homogenization Pre-Treatment
			13.3.3.4 Pulse Electric Field Pre-Treatment
			13.3.3.5 Thermal Pre-Treatment
			13.3.3.6 Ultrasonic Pre-Treatment
		13.3.4 Combined Pre-Treatment
	13.4 Pre-Treatment Challenges and its Scope
	13.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14 Overview of Thermal Based Pre-Treatment Methods for Enhancing Methane Production of Sewage Sludge
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Principles of Anaerobic Digestion
	14.3 Conventional Thermal Pretreatment
	14.4 Temperature-Phased Anaerobic Digestion (TPAD)
	14.5 Microwave Irradiation
	14.6 Thermal Hydrolysis
		14.6.1 The Cambi Thermal Hydrolysis Process (THP)
		14.6.2 The Exelys Thermal Hydrolysis
	14.7 Thermochemical Methods
		14.7.1 Conventional Thermochemical Treatment Methods
			14.7.1.1 Alkali Thermal Treatment
			14.7.1.2 Acid Thermal Treatment
		14.7.2 Microwave-Based Alkali Pretreatment
	14.8 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 15 Management and Disposal of Solid Waste: Practices and Legislations in Different Countries
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Types of Solid Waste
		15.2.1 Municipal Solid Waste
		15.2.2 Hazardous Waste
		15.2.3 Hospital Waste
	15.3 Health Impacts of Solid Waste
	15.4 Life Cycle of Municipal Solid Waste
		15.4.1 Determination of Individual Components of Solid Waste From MSW
	15.5 Guidance for Carrying Out Waste Sampling and Analysis
		15.5.1 Procedure
		15.5.2 Analysis
		15.5.3 Energy Equivalent of Solid Waste
	15.6 Legal Framework of Solid Waste Management in India
		15.6.1 The Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000
			15.6.1.1 Collection of Solid Waste
		15.6.2 Environmental Protection – From the Indian Constitution Perspective
		15.6.3 Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Amendment Rules, 2003
	15.7 Technologies Used for Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste
		15.7.1 Composting
		15.7.2 Anaerobic Digestion
		15.7.3 Incineration
		15.7.4 Sanitary Landfills and Landfill Gas Recovery
	15.8 Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
	15.9 Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) in Nigeria
	15.10 Integrated Waste Management
		15.10.1 Rules and Legislation
	15.11 Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) in Australia
	15.12 Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) in Spain
	15.13 Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) in Ghana
	15.14 Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) in Hong Kong
	References
Chapter 16 Sources, Characteristics, Treatment Technologies and Disposal Methods for Faecal Sludge
	16.1 Introduction
		16.1.1 Characteristics
		16.1.2 Sampling and Analysis
	16.2 Guidelines for Handling and Disposal of Faecal Sludge
		16.2.1 Regulations and Guidelines for Faecal Sludge Capture and Containment
		16.2.2 Regulations and Guidelines for Faecal Sludge Emptying and Transportation
			16.2.2.1 Fee Structures
			16.2.2.2 Specific Guidelines for Faecal Sludge Desludging Trucks and Accessories
			16.2.2.3 Regulations on Faecal Sludge Emptying and Transportation: Examples From Selected Countries
			16.2.2.4 Other General Health Requirements for Operators
		16.2.3 Regulations and Guidelines for Faecal Sludge Treatment and Disposal
			16.2.3.1 Need and Objective of FS Treatment
		16.2.4 Regulations and Guidelines for Faecal Sludge Use
		16.2.5 Guidelines for Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Land Application
		16.2.6 Lime Stabilisation for Agricultural Reuse
		16.2.7 Occupational Risks on Farms
		16.2.8 Soil Application of (Co-)Composted Faecal Sludge
		16.2.9 Compost Application Guidelines (Nikiema et al., 2014)
		16.2.10 Faecal Sludge Reuse
		16.2.11 Faecal Sludge Reuse in Aquaculture
		16.2.12 Effluent Discharge and Reuse for the STP
	16.3 Treatment Technologies for Faecal Sludge
		16.3.1 Faecal Sludge Treatment Practices: Developed vs Developing Countries
		16.3.2 Factors to Be Considered While Deciding Overall Treatment Process or an Individual Technology
			16.3.2.1 Faecal Sludge Characteristics
			16.3.2.2 Technical and Economic Feasibility
			16.3.2.3 Local Context, Regulations and Existing Faecal Management Practices in the Area
			16.3.2.4 Treatment Objective, End Goal and Reuse Options
		16.3.3 Steps for Choosing Appropriate Treatment Processes and Technologies for a Treatment Plant
			16.3.3.1 Technical Features and Specifications for Optimum Performance of Technologies
			16.3.3.2 Co-Treatment of Faecal Sludge at WWTPs
			16.3.3.3 Land Application
	16.4 Conclusion
	References
Index