Management of the First and Second Stages of Labor, An Issue of Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics (The Clinics: Internal Medicine)

Cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 2
Diagnosis......Page 4
The onset of labor......Page 5
The endocrine control of labor......Page 6
Powers......Page 9
Passenger......Page 11
Passage......Page 13
First stage......Page 14
Second stage......Page 15
Third stage......Page 16
Cardinal movements in labor......Page 18
Maternal pushing in labor......Page 19
References......Page 20
Etiology......Page 24
Technique......Page 25
Route of delivery for the persistent breech presentation......Page 26
Management......Page 27
Management......Page 28
Compound presentation......Page 29
Management......Page 30
Rotation with Kielland forceps......Page 31
Direct application technique......Page 32
Management......Page 34
Scanzoni maneuver......Page 35
Kielland forceps rotation......Page 36
References......Page 37
Indications and contraindications......Page 39
Preinduction status of the cervix......Page 41
Mechanical methods......Page 42
Pharmacologic methods......Page 43
Oxytocin......Page 45
Techniques for the administration of oxytocin......Page 46
Side effects and complications of oxytocin infusion......Page 47
Prostaglandins......Page 48
Misoprostol for labor induction......Page 49
Oral versus vaginal administration......Page 50
Doses of misoprostol for labor induction......Page 51
References......Page 52
Diagnosis and terminology......Page 59
Abnormalities of the first stage......Page 60
Defining the beginning of labor......Page 61
Unengaged head at presentation......Page 62
Policy of delayed admission......Page 63
Amniotomy......Page 64
Normal progression......Page 66
Disorders of the active phase......Page 68
Amniotomy......Page 69
Adequate time......Page 70
Maternal position......Page 71
Regional anesthesia......Page 72
Adequate time......Page 73
Summary......Page 75
References......Page 76
The goal......Page 79
Organizational component......Page 80
Early amniotomy......Page 81
Ensuring labor progression......Page 82
Oxytocin in active management of labor......Page 83
Epidural analgesia and the active management of labor: counteracting each other?......Page 84
Active management of labor: efficacy?......Page 85
References......Page 87
History......Page 89
Physiology and anatomy......Page 90
Acupuncture......Page 91
Intracutaneous sterile water blocks......Page 92
Intravenous analgesia......Page 93
Fentanyl......Page 94
Paracervical block......Page 96
Regional anesthesia......Page 97
Summary......Page 99
References......Page 100
Assessment of the Fetus: Intermittent Auscultation, Electronic Fetal Heart Rate Tracing, and Fetal Pulse Oximetry......Page 103
Intermittent auscultation......Page 104
Continuous electronic fetal monitoring......Page 105
Fetal pulse oximetry......Page 107
Summary......Page 110
References......Page 111
Intrapartum Assessment of the Fetus: Historical and Evidence-Based Practice......Page 113
Techniques of intrapartum fetal monitoring: an overview......Page 114
Outcome measures of intrapartum fetal assessment......Page 115
The evolution of electronic fetal monitoring......Page 116
Scalp blood sampling......Page 118
Scalp and acoustic stimulation......Page 119
Continuous pH monitoring......Page 120
Continuous Pco2 monitoring......Page 121
Fetal pulse oximetry......Page 122
Summary......Page 125
References......Page 126
Cesarean Delivery for Nonreassuring Fetal Heart Rate Tracing......Page 130
Prevalence......Page 131
Fetal heart rate tracing abnormalities prompting cesarean delivery......Page 133
Risk factors......Page 134
Intrauterine resuscitation......Page 135
Decision-to-incision and decision-to-delivery time......Page 136
Compliance with American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Guidelines......Page 138
Summary......Page 140
References......Page 141
Definitions, incidence, and risk factors......Page 144
Microbiology and pathogenesis......Page 145
Making the diagnosis......Page 146
Effects on the progress of labor......Page 147
Management......Page 148
Maternal and neonatal outcomes......Page 150
Summary......Page 151
References......Page 152
Maternal and fetal risks......Page 154
Prenatal: identifying the pregnancy at risk......Page 156
Practical management of shoulder dystocia......Page 157
References......Page 161
History......Page 163
Risks and benefits of perineal lacerations......Page 165
Perineal massage......Page 170
Anal incontinence......Page 171
Summary......Page 174
References......Page 175
Physiology of the third stage......Page 178
Umbilical cord examination......Page 179
Placental examination......Page 180
Management of the third stage of labor......Page 181
Uterotonic agents......Page 182
Surgical control of postpartum hemorrhage......Page 183
Summary......Page 185
References......Page 186