Management of Contaminated Site Problems, Second Edition

Content: Cover --
Half Title --
Title Page --
Copyright Page --
Dedication --
Contents --
Preface --
Acknowledgments --
Author --
PART I: A General Overview of Contaminated Site Problems --
Chapter 1 Introduction --
1.1 Tracking the Causes and Potential Impacts of Environmental Contamination and Contaminated Site Problems --
1.1.1 Coming to Terms with Environmental Contamination and Chemical Exposure Problems? --
1.2 Managing Contaminated Site Problems --
1.2.1 Risk Assessment as a Tool in the Management of Contaminated Site Problems --
1.2.2 Contaminated Site Risk Management: Establishing the Need for Corrective Actions at Contaminated Sites --
1.2.3 Restoring the Integrity of Contaminated Sites via a Cost-Effective Contaminated Site Decision-Making Process --
1.3 Key Attributes, Scope/Coverage, and Organization of This Book --
Chapter 2 The Nature of Contaminated Site Problems --
2.1 The Making and Anatomy of Contaminated Sites: What Are the Origins of Contaminated Sites? --
2.2 Health, Environmental, and Socioeconomic Implications of Contaminated Site Problems --
2.3 Contaminated Site Classification and Designation Systems --
Chapter 3 Legislative-Regulatory Considerations in Contaminated Site Decision-Making --
3.1 Environmental Control and Cleanup Policies in Different Regions of the World --
3.1.1 Environmental Laws in North America --
3.1.1.1 Risk Assessment in the U.S. Regulatory Systems --
3.1.2 Environmental Laws within the European Community Bloc, Including the United Kingdom --
3.1.2.1 United Kingdom (UK) --
3.1.2.2 The Netherlands --
3.1.2.3 France --
3.1.2.4 Federal Republic of Germany --
3.1.3 Environmental Policies and Regulations in Different Parts of the World --
3.2 A Paradigm for International Environmental Laws --
3.3 Minimizing the Primary Causes of Environmental Contamination Problems as the Ultimate Paradigm Shift. PART II: Contaminated Site Problem Diagnosis --
Chapter 4 The Contaminated Site Characterization Process --
4.1 Goals and Requirements of a Contaminated Site Characterization --
4.1.1 Key Information Requirements --
4.2 Elements of a Site Characterization Activity --
4.2.1 Designing a Cost-Effective Site Characterization Program --
4.2.2 The Nature of Contaminated Site Investigation Activities --
4.3 Development of Conceptual Site Models for Contaminated Site Problems --
4.3.1 Design Requirements and Elements of a CSM --
4.3.1.1 The Overarching Role of CSMs in Corrective Action Programs --
4.3.2 Development of Exposure Scenarios: Integrating Contaminant Sources with Exposure Pathways and Receptors --
4.4 Design of Data Collection and Evaluation Programs --
4.4.1 Development of Data Quality Objectives --
4.4.1.1 Data Quality Assessment --
4.4.2 Field Data Collection and Analysis Stratagem --
4.4.2.1 Data Collection and Analysis Strategies --
4.4.2.2 Evaluation of QC Samples --
4.4.2.3 The Reporting and Handling of \"Censored\" Laboratory Data --
4.4.3 Background Sampling Considerations --
4.4.3.1 Using \"Control\" or \"Reference\" Sites to Establish Background Thresholds for Environmental Contaminants --
4.4.3.2 Factors Affecting Background Sampling Design --
4.4.3.3 Statistical Evaluation of Background Sampling Data --
4.5 The Overall Site Assessment Process: Designing a Holistic Site Assessment Program --
4.5.1 A Phased Approach to Contaminated Site Assessments --
4.5.1.1 Tier 1 Investigations-The PSA --
4.5.1.2 Tier 2 Investigations-The PSI --
4.5.1.3 Tier 3 Investigations-The ESI --
4.6 The Roadmap for Implementing an Optimized and Effectual Site Characterization Program --
Chapter 5 Planning for Contaminated Site Investigation and Management Activities --
5.1 The Sampling and Analysis Plan --
5.1.1 Purpose of the Sampling and Analysis Program. 5.1.2 Elements of a SAP: Sampling Requirements and Considerations --
5.1.2.1 Sampling and Analysis Design Considerations --
5.1.3 Sampling Protocols --
5.1.3.1 Sampling Strategies and Sample Handling Procedures --
5.1.4 Laboratory Analytical Protocols --
5.1.4.1 Selecting Laboratory Analysis Methods and Analytical Protocols: Laboratory and Analytical Program Requirements --
5.2 The Health and Safety Plan --
5.2.1 Purpose and Scope of a HSP --
5.2.2 Elements of an HSP --
5.2.3 The Health and Safety Personnel and Managers --
5.2.3.1 Job Functions of the HSO --
5.2.3.2 Job Functions of the OHSM --
5.2.4 Field Personnel Protection Program --
5.2.4.1 Levels of Protection --
5.2.4.2 Decontamination Procedures --
5.2.4.3 Health and Safety Training --
5.2.4.4 Emergency Response --
5.2.4.5 Personal Injury --
5.2.4.6 Acute Exposure to Toxic Materials --
5.2.5 Implementation of the HSP: General Health and Safety Requirements for the Investigation of Contaminated Sites --
5.3 The Investigation-Generated/Derived Waste Management Plan --
5.3.1 Elements of the IGW/IDW Management Plan --
5.3.1.1 Illustrative Decision-Making Elements of the Process for Screening IDWs --
5.4 The Site Activity Plan --
5.5 The QA and QC Plan --
Chapter 6 Field Investigation Techniques for Potentially Contaminated Sites --
6.1 The General Types of Field Diagnostic Tools and Investigation Methodologies --
6.1.1 Geophysical Survey Methods --
6.1.1.1 Ground Penetrating Radar --
6.1.1.2 Electromagnetometry/Electromagnetics --
6.1.1.3 Resistivity Methods --
6.1.1.4 Seismic Methods --
6.1.1.5 Metal Detectors --
6.1.1.6 Magnetometry --
6.1.2 Trial Pitting --
6.1.3 Soil Gas Surveys --
6.1.4 Geoprobes --
6.1.5 Flux Chamber Measurements --
6.1.6 Augering, Borehole Drilling, and Related Methods --
6.1.6.1 Direct Push Technology --
6.1.6.2 Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System. 6.1.7 Diffusion Samplers --
6.1.7.1 Diffusion Sampling --
6.2 Field Chemical Screening Methods --
6.2.1 Immunoassay Screening Tools --
6.2.1.1 Types of Immunoassays --
6.2.1.2 Using the Immunoassay Test Kit --
6.2.1.3 Scope of Application of Immunoassays --
6.2.1.4 Limitations of the Immunoassay Technology --
6.3 Field Data Collection and Analysis Strategies in Practice --
6.3.1 Soil Vapor Analysis --
6.3.1.1 Soil Vapor Analysis as a General Diagnostic Tool for Organic Contamination --
6.3.2 The Investigation of Sites with NAPLs --
6.3.2.1 Soil Gas Analysis as a Noninvasive Method for NAPL Site Characterization --
6.3.3 The Use of Environmental Immunochemical Technologies --
6.4 Practical Implementation of a Field Investigation Program --
6.4.1 An Initial Site Inspection --
6.4.2 Sampling and Sample Handling Procedures --
6.4.2.1 General Nature of Sample Collection Tools/Equipment --
6.4.3 Implementing the Field Data Collection Activities --
6.5 Optimization Strategy for the Overall Field Investigation Process in Practice --
Chapter 7 Contaminant Fate and Behavior Assessment --
7.1 Important Properties and Parameters Affecting Contaminant Fate and Transport in the Environment --
7.1.1 Physical State --
7.1.2 Water Solubility --
7.1.3 Diffusion --
7.1.4 Dispersion --
7.1.5 Volatilization --
7.1.5.1 Boiling Point --
7.1.5.2 Henry\'s Law Constant --
7.1.5.3 Vapor Pressure --
7.1.6 Partitioning and the Partition Coefficients --
7.1.6.1 Water/Air Partition Coefficient --
7.1.6.2 Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient --
7.1.6.3 Organic Carbon Adsorption Coefficient --
7.1.6.4 Soil-Water Partition Coefficient --
7.1.6.5 Bioconcentration Factor --
7.1.7 Sorption and the Retardation Factors --
7.1.7.1 Retardation Factor --
7.1.7.2 Sorption --
7.1.8 Degradation --
7.1.8.1 Chemical Half-Lives --
7.1.8.2 Biodegradation --
7.1.8.3 Chemical Degradation. 7.1.8.4 Photolysis --
7.1.9 Miscellaneous Equilibrium Constants from Speciation --
7.2 Factors Affecting Contaminant Migration --
7.2.1 Contaminant Characteristics --
7.2.2 Site Characteristics --
7.2.3 Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Fate and Transport --
7.2.3.1 The Mechanics of NAPL Migration --
7.3 Phase Distribution and Cross-Media Transfer of Contaminants between Environmental Compartments --
7.3.1 Phase Distribution of Environmental Contaminants --
7.4 Modeling Contaminant Fate and Transport --
7.4.1 Application of Mathematical Models --
7.4.2 Model Selection --
7.4.3 Illustrative Example Application Scenarios for Simple Mathematical Models: The Case of Air Dispersion Modeling for Environmental Chemicals --
7.4.3.1 The Case of Human Exposures to Airborne Chemical Toxicants --
7.4.3.2 Classification of Air Emission Sources --
7.4.3.3 Categories of Air Emissions --
7.4.3.4 Determination of Air Contaminant Emissions --
7.4.3.5 Air Pathway Exposure Assessment --
7.4.3.6 Screening-Level Estimation of Airborne Dust/Particulate Concentrations --
7.4.3.7 Screening-Level Estimation of Airborne Vapor Concentrations --
7.4.3.8 Human Health Risk Effects and Implications of Air Contaminant Releases --
7.4.4 Illustrative Example Application Scenarios for Simple Mathematical Models: Modeling the Erosion of Contaminated Soils into Surface Waters as an Example --
7.4.4.1 Background to the Hypothetical Problem --
7.4.4.2 Modeling the Migration of Contaminated Soil to Surface Runoff: Soil/Sediment Loss and Contaminant Flux Calculations --
7.4.4.3 Dissolved/Sorbed Contaminant Loading --
7.4.4.4 Computation of Total Contaminant Loading on Creek --
7.4.4.5 Recommended Soil Cleanup Levels for Surface Water Protection.