Making treaties work

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface and Acknowledgments......Page 13
Notes on the Contributors......Page 15
International Court of Justice......Page 18
European Commission on Human Rights......Page 19
United Kingdom Privy Council......Page 20
General Instruments......Page 21
General regional instruments......Page 22
Human rights......Page 23
Environmental protection......Page 28
Arms control......Page 33
Introduction......Page 39
The significance of treaties......Page 41
Compliance with treaty obligations......Page 42
General international law......Page 43
Treaty mechanisms......Page 44
Dispute settlement procedures......Page 45
Non-compliance procedures......Page 47
Enforcement......Page 49
The structure of the book......Page 50
PART I International human rights......Page 51
1.1 General questions and introduction......Page 53
1.2.1 Arrangements for compulsory dispute settlement......Page 54
1.2.2 Use of ordinary courts and tribunals instead of special institutions and procedures for the settlement of disputes......Page 55
1.2.3.1 Mandate......Page 56
1.2.3.3 Procedures......Page 57
1.2.5 Standing and role of individuals and NGOs (as complainants or amici curiae)......Page 58
1.2.6 Extent of usage of arrangements for dispute settlement......Page 59
1.3.1 Ex ante compliance control in the Council of Europe system......Page 60
1.3.1.1 Screening......Page 61
1.3.1.2 Pre-accession undertakings......Page 62
1.3.2.1 Universal level......Page 63
1.3.2.2 Regional systems......Page 64
1.3.3.1 General compliance monitoring systems......Page 67
1.3.3.2 Case-specific compliance monitoring systems......Page 69
1.3.4 Standing to raise non-compliance issues......Page 75
1.4.1.1 Relationship between diplomatic protection and treaty-based procedures in the field of human rights......Page 76
1.4.2 Enforcement by other States of (treaty-based) human rights standards by means not specifically provided for in the respective treaty......Page 77
1.4.2.1 Role of meetings of contracting parties......Page 78
1.4.2.2 Enforcing human rights by relying on general norms of State responsibility......Page 79
1.4.2.3 Special non-treaty-based procedures established by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights......Page 81
1.4.3 Ability to make binding determinations of non-compliance......Page 82
1.4.4 Power of treaty organs to set aside obligations to comply......Page 83
1.4.6 Possible sanctions to be applied by treaty organs in cases of noncompliance (‘hard’ enforcement)......Page 84
1.5 Overall evaluation......Page 85
2.1.1 Basic features......Page 86
2.1.2 Secondary norms and guidelines......Page 90
2.2 Dispute resolution......Page 91
2.3.1 The reporting procedure......Page 95
2.3.2 The procedure for individual complaints......Page 98
2.4 Enforcement......Page 102
2.5 Overall evaluation......Page 104
3.1.1 The European Convention on Human Rights......Page 108
3.1.2 Secondary texts......Page 109
3.1.3 Dispute settlement under the Convention......Page 111
3.2.1 The Court......Page 112
3.2.2 Conditions of admissibility......Page 114
3.2.3 Procedure in individual applications......Page 116
3.2.5 Position of individuals and NGOs......Page 117
3.3.1 Binding nature of judgments......Page 118
3.3.2 Just satisfaction (pecuniary compensation)......Page 119
3.3.3 Restitutio in integrum......Page 120
3.3.4 Examination by the Committee of Ministers......Page 121
3.3.5 Reopening of domestic proceedings......Page 123
3.3.6 Protocol No. 14: a new role for the Court......Page 124
3.4.1 Reasons for the Court’s success......Page 125
3.4.2 The Convention and other international instruments......Page 126
3.4.3 Future impact of the Convention......Page 127
4.1.1.1 Basic features......Page 129
4.1.1.2 Secondary rules and guidelines......Page 133
4.1.2.1 Basic features......Page 134
4.1.2.2 Secondary rules and guidelines......Page 138
4.2 Defining the task......Page 139
4.3 Dispute resolution......Page 141
4.4 Compliance control......Page 142
4.5 Enforcement......Page 145
4.6 Overall evaluation......Page 147
PART II International environmental law......Page 151
5.1 Introduction......Page 153
5.2 Dispute settlement procedures......Page 156
5.3 Compliance control......Page 162
5.4 Enforcement......Page 166
5.5 Overall evaluation......Page 169
6.1 Introduction......Page 172
6.2.1 Legal basis......Page 174
6.2.2.1 Party reporting......Page 175
6.2.3.1 Institutional roles......Page 177
6.2.3.2 Compliance mechanisms......Page 180
6.2.4 Guidelines under negotiation......Page 185
6.3 Enforcement......Page 186
6.4 Effectiveness of the compliance and enforcement mechanisms......Page 190
6.5 Dispute resolution......Page 195
6.6 Lessons learned......Page 196
7.1 General......Page 199
7.2 Dispute resolution......Page 203
7.3.2 Review of compliance by the parties with the reporting obligations......Page 204
7.3.3 Consideration of submissions by parties and referrals by the secretariat......Page 205
7.4 Enforcement......Page 210
7.5 Overall evaluation......Page 211
Submissions by Parties......Page 213
Information gathering......Page 214
Consideration by the Executive Body......Page 215
Relationship to settlement of disputes......Page 216
8.1 Introduction......Page 217
8.2.3 The Convention in a human rights perspective......Page 220
8.3.1 Nature and scope of the dispute resolution arrangements......Page 221
8.3.2 Compulsory dispute settlement......Page 223
8.3.3 Role of non-State actors......Page 224
8.3.4 Standing......Page 225
8.3.5 Use of the DSM?......Page 226
8.4.1 Reporting......Page 227
8.4.2 Compliance control......Page 229
8.5.2 The Secretariat......Page 230
8.5.3.1 Election of members......Page 231
8.5.3.2 Submissions, referrals and communications......Page 233
8.6.2 Information gathering and meetings of the Compliance Committee......Page 235
8.6.4 Rules of procedure for handling communications from members of the public......Page 236
8.6.5 Decision-making of the Compliance Committee......Page 238
8.6.6 Procedural safeguards......Page 239
8.6.7 Involvement of NGOs in the compliance mechanism......Page 240
8.7.1 The role, power and nature of the Compliance Committee......Page 241
8.7.2 MoP determinations of non-compliance......Page 243
8.7.3 International law applicable in the context of non-compliance determinations......Page 245
8.7.4 Consequences of non-compliance (enforcement)......Page 246
8.7.5 Suspension of special rights and privileges......Page 249
8.7.6 Can obligations to comply be set aside by the Compliance Committee or the MoP?......Page 250
8.8 The relationship between settlement of disputes and review of compliance......Page 251
8.9 Do the compliance and the dispute settlement mechanisms constitute a self-contained regime?......Page 252
8.10 Overall evaluation......Page 253
9 The Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention)......Page 256
9.1 Dispute resolution......Page 258
9.1.2 Special dispute resolution: the inquiry commission procedure......Page 260
9.2 Compliance control......Page 264
9.2.1 The system for reviewing treaty compliance......Page 265
9.2.2 The non-compliance mechanism: the Implementation Committee......Page 267
9.2.3 Enforcement......Page 271
9.2.4 Evaluation......Page 272
9.3 Overall evaluation......Page 273
PART III International arms control......Page 279
10.1 Introduction......Page 281
10.2 Consolidation rather than crisis?......Page 285
10.3 Negative and positive incentives to comply with arms control agreements......Page 288
10.3.2 Some thoughts on positive incentives......Page 289
10.4 Dispute settlement in arms control agreements......Page 293
10.5 Compliance control in arms control agreements: verification and inspections......Page 295
10.5.1 National verification (national technical means of verification)......Page 296
10.5.2 Notification and reporting in arms control......Page 298
10.5.3.1 Institutionalization......Page 300
10.5.3.2 On-site inspections......Page 301
10.5.3.3 Initiation of the procedure as a matter of routine......Page 302
10.5.3.4 Close to enforcement: ad hoc or challenge inspections......Page 303
10.6 Enforcement......Page 304
10.6.1 Counter-measures......Page 305
10.6.2 Withdrawal and termination of arms control agreements......Page 306
10.6.3 Sanctions adopted by the UN Security Council......Page 307
10.6.4 Treaty provisions on measures to redress a situation......Page 308
10.7 Perspectives......Page 309
11.1 Introduction......Page 311
11.2 Dispute resolution......Page 312
11.2.1 Disputes over the application or interpretation of the Convention......Page 313
11.2.2 Additional recourse to the International Court of Justice for advisory opinions......Page 314
11.2.4 Disputes over confidentiality......Page 315
11.2.6 The Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization: safeguarding the independence of the OPCW Technical Secretariat......Page 316
11.3.1 Demonstrating compliance with the CWC......Page 317
11.3.2 Monitoring compliance with the CWC......Page 318
11.3.3 Monitoring compliance: evaluation of declarations and inspections......Page 321
11.3.4 Determination of compliance/non-compliance......Page 322
11.3.5 Standing to initiate an allegation of non-compliance......Page 325
11.3.6 Compliance, pragmatism and treaty evolution......Page 326
11.4 Enforcement......Page 328
11.4.1 National law and national enforcement mechanisms......Page 329
11.4.2 Assistance to non-compliant States parties (‘soft’ enforcement by the OPCW)......Page 331
11.4.3 Measures to redress non-compliance (‘hard’ enforcement by the OPCW)......Page 332
11.4.4 Enforcement outside the CWC regime......Page 334
11.5.1 Inspiration from other treaty regimes......Page 336
11.5.2 Inspiration for other treaty regimes......Page 337
11.6 Conclusion......Page 338
12 The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and IAEA Safeguards Agreements......Page 339
12.1 The IAEA’s safeguards system......Page 340
12.2 The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons......Page 342
12.3 Comprehensive NPT Safeguards Agreements......Page 344
12.4 Verification......Page 346
12.4.1 Information......Page 347
12.4.2 On-site access......Page 348
12.4.3 State-based evaluations......Page 349
12.5 Dispute resolution......Page 350
12.6 Compliance......Page 352
12.7 Enforcement......Page 357
12.8 Overall evaluation......Page 359
13 The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction (Ottawa Convention)......Page 362
13.1 Negotiating history of the Ottawa Convention......Page 363
13.2 Key obligations, achievements and challenges......Page 365
13.3.1 Compliance control mechanisms provided by the Convention or established by decisions of the States parties......Page 367
13.3.1.1 Bodies set up by the Convention or by decision of the States parties to monitor or facilitate compliance......Page 368
13.3.1.2 Annual reporting obligation under article 7 and measures to facilitate reporting......Page 373
13.3.1.3 Special procedure for dealing with compliance issues (article 8)......Page 375
13.3.2 Dispute resolution......Page 377
13.3.3 Enforcement......Page 378
13.4 The involvement of non-State actors in compliance control......Page 379
13.5 Conclusions: assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the Ottawa Convention’s compliance control regime......Page 381
General comments......Page 387
14.1 Dispute settlement in a fragmented legal order......Page 389
14.2 International human rights......Page 394
14.3 Environment......Page 400
14.4 Arms control......Page 403
14.5 Conclusion......Page 406
15 Compliance control......Page 411
15.1 Reporting......Page 412
15.2.2 Implementation review......Page 414
15.2.3 Compliance assessment and control......Page 415
15.2.4 Inspections......Page 416
15.3.1 Mandate......Page 418
15.3.2 Composition......Page 419
15.3.3.1 States parties......Page 421
15.3.3.2 Treaty secretariats......Page 423
15.3.3.3 Individuals or non-governmental organizations......Page 424
15.4 Outcomes......Page 426
15.5 Conclusion......Page 428
16.1 Terminology and basic distinctions......Page 429
16.2 Enforcement in the different treaty systems......Page 434
16.2.1 International environmental law......Page 435
16.2.2 Human rights law......Page 437
16.2.3 Arms control law......Page 441
16.3 The role of State responsibility......Page 445
Index......Page 449