Making Change: Facilitating Community Action

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Brief Contents
Contents
List of Tables and Figures
Acknowledgments
Preface
Stage 1 Issue Awareness
	1 The Beginning
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Beginning a Change
		What These Concepts Are About
		Participation
		Responsibility
		Changing Conditions
		Spectrum of Attitudes
		The Facilitation of Change Model
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
	2 Reflect, Observe and Wonder Abstract
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Reflecting, Observing and Wondering
		What This Technique Is About
		The Importance of Reflection
		Making Observations
		Wondering
		How to Carry Out Observing and Noticing Techniques
		Try It! Observing Your Community
		Summary
		Citations
	3 Detours
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Activity Traps and Finding Your Way Through the Maze
		What This Technique Is About
		How to Carry Out This Technique
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
Stage 2 Getting to Know You
	What’s in This Section
	What This Section is About
	4 Reflective Facilitation
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Reflection: Race Unity Conversation
		What This Technique Is About
		How to Carry Out This Technique
		Journaling Buttons and Biases
			Social Biases Can Be Either Implicit or Explicit
				Before the Meeting: Clear a Mental Space
				During the Meeting: Provide Neutral Guidance
		After the Meeting: Debriefing
		Try It
		Summary
		Citations
	5 Calling the First and Subsequent Meetings
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Calling a First Meeting
		What This Technique Is About
		How to Carry Out This Technique
			First Steps for a Facilitator
			How to Call the First Meeting
		Calling Subsequent Meetings
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
	6 Recruit and Retain Volunteers
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Recruiting Volunteers
		What This Technique Is About
		Volunteer Service
		Characteristics of Volunteers
			Life Stages
			Gender, Marital, Parental and Educational Status
			Motivations
		Recruiting Volunteers
		Recruiting Strategies
		Retaining Volunteers
		Making Doers Out of the Supporters
		How to Carry Out This Technique
		Social Media
		Personal Invitation
		Retention
		Try It!
		Summary
		Resources
		Citations
	7 Clearing Mental Space for Facilitation
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Preparing to Facilitate
		What This Technique Is About
		Mindfulness for Facilitators
		How to Carry Out This Technique
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
	8 Building Rapport and Unity
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Creating Your Own Dream Team
		What This Technique Is About
		What “Ice” Isolates People From Each Other?
		I-to-We
		How to Carry Out This Technique
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
Stage 3 Information Seeking
	9 Mental Models and Frameworks
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Mental Models
		What This Technique Is About
			Identify Your Group’s Mental Models
		How to Carry Out This Technique
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
	10 Spectrum of Attitudes
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Attitudes Toward Beneficiaries of Change
		Viewing People as Resources
		What This Technique Is About
		How to Carry Out This Technique
		Examine the Spectrum of Attitudes with Your Group
			Set Up Your Protocol
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
	11 What’s Happening Now?
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About What’s Happening Now and Desired Outcomes
		What This Technique Is About
			Brainstorm “What’s Happening Now”
		Root Causes
			SWOT Analysis: Strengths and Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats
		Choose High-Priority, High-Yield Issues
		Locating and Establishing Indicators
		How to Carry Out This Technique
			“What’s Happening Now” Method 1 for Small Groups
			“What’s Happening Now” Method 2 for Large Groups
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
	12 Visioning
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story: Situational Blindness
		What This Technique Is About
		Small-Scale Visioning
		Large-Scale Visioning
			A Hunger-Free St. Michael Parish
		How to Carry Out This Technique
			Brainstorming: Gathering the Wisdom of the Group
				Brainstorming Methods
		Recharging a Group That Is Stuck
			OK, Now What?
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
	13 Change Resistance and Readiness
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Change Readiness: Open Housing in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 1968
		What This Technique Is About
		Types of Change
		Individuals and Change
		Resistance
		Resilience
		Opposition
		Community Readiness
		The Change Timeline
		Readiness Levels
		Making Plans
		How to Carry Out This Technique
		Collecting Readiness Data
		Analyzing Qualitative Data From Interviews or Surveys
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
	14 Wondering and Hypothesis Testing
		What’s in This Chapter
			Objectives
		A Story About Reading in Prison
		What This Technique Is About
		Clarifying the Problem
		Hypothesis
		Contributing Factors
		The Fishbone Diagram
		Indicators
		Searching for Data on Indicators
		Hypothesis Testing
		Action Steps
		How to Carry Out This Technique
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
	15 Planning Perspectives
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Planning Perspectives
		What This Technique Is About
		Grids and Units of Change
		Focus on Outcomes and Conditions
		Purpose
		The Four Action Quadrants
		How to Carry Out This Technique
		An Example
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
	16 Force Field Analysis: Upsetting the Equilibrium
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Analysis: A Skateboarder’s Solution
		What This Technique Is About
		How to Carry Out This Technique
		An Example
		Try It!
			Exercise #1
			Exercise #2
		Summary
		Citations
	17 Identifying the Play and the Players in a Community
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story: Maurine Plays a Columbo Role in a New Project
		What This Technique Is About
		Identifying the Community, Their Cultures and Values
		Who Needs to Be Aware of the Plan?
		Key Members
		Who Has Influence in the Community?
		Who Is “Outside” the Community?
		How to Gather the Information
		Identifying the Play
		The Community Description
		How to Carry Out This Technique
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
	18 Getting Grounded: Collecting Data Together
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Data Collection
		Local Data Collection
		Conclusion
		What This Technique Is About
		Why Collaborate?
		Principles of Collecting Data Together
		Acquiring Research Partners
		Sustaining Partnerships
		Conducting Participatory Data Gathering and Evaluation
		Data Collection
		Sharing Findings and Decisions With the Team
		Sharing the Findings With the Community
		How to Carry Out This Technique
		Try It!
		Summary
		Resources
		Citations
Stage 4 Facilitation of Planning
	19 Getting Started on Planning for Change
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story: Conversation for Race Unity
			Step 1: Seeking Allies for Awareness-Building and Information-Sharing
			Step 2: Networking for Organizational and Community Resources
			Step 3: Cooperative Creation of New Resources
		What These Techniques Are About
		Review Your Research
		SWOT Analysis
		Perspectives, Paradigms and Sources of Design
		Planning Change Strategies and Tactics
		How to Carry Out These Techniques
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
	20 Where Are We Going and How Will We Get There? Strategies and Tactics
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story: How the Quakers Changed Direction on Their Vision of a Retreat Center
		What This Technique Is About
			Examples of Community Development Strategies
		Tactics
			How to Develop Strategies and Tactics
		Project Timeline
		How to Carry Out This Technique
		Try It!
		Summary
		Resources
		Citations
	21 Effective Learning Objectives
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story: If You Don’t Know Where You Are Going, Any Path Will Do
		What This Technique Is About
		Example: Hunger-Free St. Michael Parish
		How to Carry Out This Technique
		SMART Objectives
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
	22 No Tin Cups: Fundraising and Stewardship
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Funding Homes for Veterans
		What This Technique Is About
		Creating a Fundraising Plan
		Methods of Fundraising
			Sponsorships
			Individual Giving
			Build a Fundraising Network
			Fundraising Events
			In-Kind Donations
			Fee-For-Service
			Grants
		Accountability and Stewardship
		How to Carry Out These Techniques
			Create a Fundraising Plan
		Fundraising Strategies
			Conduct Meetings Seeking Donations
			Build a Fundraising Network
			Events
			In-Kind Donations
			Fee-For-Service
			Grants
			Demonstrating Accountability and Stewardship
			Communications
			Software to Assist With Fundraising
		Try It!
		Summary
		Resources
			Donation Forms and Web Pages
			Free Software for Fundraising
			Sources for Grant Searches
			Websites for More Information
		Citations
	23 Building Alliances and Collaboration
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Opening Dialogue
		What This Technique Is About
		Alliances With Outside Organizations
		Bridge Cultural, Social and Community Values
		Build the Community and Methods of Collaborating
		Alliances With Outside People
		How to Carry Out This Technique
		Try It!
		Summary
		Resources
		Citations
	24 Choreography of Conversation
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Communication: Mr. Mayor Attends a Race Unity Group Meeting
		What This Technique Is About
			Step 1: Which Dance Step Is Appropriate?
			Step 2: Who Leads? Who Follows?
			Step 3: Cutting In
		The Arts of Observation and Reflection
		Keeping in Step (Taking Cues From the Dance-Master)
		Communication Styles
		How to Break Up Tensions in the Group—Introducing New Steps
		How to Carry Out This Technique
		Try It!
			Exercise #1: Describe How You Would Facilitate
			Exercise #2: Practice Observing a Meeting
		Summary
		Citations
	25 Setting the Stage for Productive Meetings
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Productive and UNproductive Meetings: Gun Violence in Our Town
		What This Technique Is About
		Plan to Accommodate Attendees
		Plan to Socialize
		Plan a Team Culture Discussion
		Plan the Agenda
		Plan to Record Key Information
		Plan for Interactive Activities
		Room Set-Up
		Prepare Yourself
		Opening the Meeting
		During the Meeting
			Observing
		Stay on Task
		Conclude the Meeting: Agreements, Actions and Decisions
		How to Carry Out This Technique
			Planning
			Open the Meeting
			During the Meeting
			Meeting Conclusion
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
	26 Listening Deeply
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Listening
		What This Technique Is About
			Removing the Barriers to Listening
			Talking and Not Understanding
			Biases
			Distractions and Interruptions
			Expectations
			Presence
			Eye Contact
			Nonverbal Feedback
			Ask Questions
			Connection
		How to Carry Out This Technique
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
	27 Observing the Action
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Observation of Participants
		What This Technique Is About
		Communication Across Cultures
		How to Carry Out Observations of Participants
		Practice Observing
		Try It!
			Exercise #1
			Exercise #2
		Summary
		Citations
	28 Asking Good Questions
		What’s in This Chapter?
		A Story About Asking Questions
		What This Technique Is About
			Why Do People Ask Questions?
			Questioning and Teamwork
			Asking Questions
			Types of Questions
		Questions Through the Change Process
		Delivering Questions
			Use Silence
			Encourage Participation
			Responding to Answers
		How to Carry Out This Technique
			Questions and Teamwork
			Questions Throughout the Planning Cycle
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
			Citations for Studies Cited in the Story
	29 Trouble on the Team
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About an Elephant in the Living Room
		Let’s Ask the Key Question Again—What’s Happening Now?
		Back to Our Story
		What These Techniques Are About
			What Is the Role of Conflict in Community Development?
		How to Address the Problem of Conflict in a Healthy Way
		What Are Some Typical Issues That Can Cause Conflict?
		How to Carry Out These Techniques
		Resolutions
		Situational Blindness
		Poor Communication
		Try It!
			The Scenario
		What You Need to Do
		Summary
		Citations
Stage 5 Community Development
	30 Choosing and Developing a Solution
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story: A New Librarian Comes to Town
		What This Technique Is About
		How to Carry Out This Technique
			Who Should Be Involved?
			Searching for Promising Practices or Interventions
			Attributes of Promising Practices or Interventions
		Team Decision Process
		Gain Consensus for Group Commitment
		Analyze Costs and Benefits
		Matching Solutions to Causes
		Design and Development
		Evaluation
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
	31 Communication
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Communication as a Strategy
		What This Technique Is About
		How to Carry Out These Techniques
			Guidelines for Emissary Work
		Guidelines for Word-of-Mouth Promotion
		Guidelines for Public Behaviors That Others Will Emulate
		Guidelines for Sharing Ideas and Stories
		Guidelines for Stories in the Local News Media
		Guidelines for Communications in Print and Visuals
		Guidelines for Communication in Social and Other Media
		Guidelines for Reporting Results
		Other Methods
		Evaluating Communications
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
	32 Programs
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Program Intervention: Renew
		What This Technique Is About
			Creating Training
		How to Carry Out This Technique
			About the Learners
			Analyzing the Content
		The Lesson Plan for a Face-to-Face Training
		Creating Job-Aids
		Mentoring and Coaching
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
	33 Policy Change
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About the 3Rs Project—Reading Reduces Recidivism
		What This Technique Is About
		How to Carry Out This Technique
			Who Should Be Involved?
			What’s Happening Now?
		Desired Outcomes
		Information Seeking
		Planning
			Tell Your Story
			Timing
			Networking
		Policy Enactment
		Policy Evaluation
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
	34 Physical Environment
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Creating a Mountain Biking Trail
		What This Technique Is About
		How to Carry Out This Technique
			Who Should Be Involved?
		What’s Happening Now?
		Desired Outcomes
		Information Seeking
		Planning
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
	35 Support
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Community Support
		What This Technique Is About
		How to Carry Out This Technique
			Who Should Be Involved?
		What’s Happening Now?
		Desired Outcomes
		Information Seeking
		Planning the Support Group
			Facilitation of Support Groups
			Meetings
		Getting the Word Out
		Additional Support Materials
		Implementing the Support Group
		Evaluating the Support Group
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
	36 Monitoring and Managing Change
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Managing Change
		What This Technique Is About
		Get People Ready for Change
		Monitor Progress
			Implementation and Maintenance
			Change Management
			Risks
			Quality
			Report Results
		How to Carry Out This Technique
			Monitor Progress
		Remove Obstacles
		Build on the Change
		Manage Risks
		Manage Quality
		Report Results
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
Stage 6 Evaluation and Conclusion
	37 Leadership, Sustainability and Renewal
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Mentorship for Leadership Development
		What This Technique Is About
			Preventing Rollback
		Leadership for Organizational Renewal
		Leadership Development
		How to Carry Out This Technique
			Sustaining the Change
		Renewing the Organization
		Leadership Development
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
	38 Evaluation
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Evaluation
		What This Technique Is About
		How to Carry Out This Technique
		Who Should Be Involved?
		Write the Questions
		Select the Data Collection Method
			Surveys
			Interviews
			Observations
			Archival Records
		Test the Survey, Interview or Observation Form
		Prepare to Analyze the Data
		Collect and Analyze Your Data
		Report Results
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
	39 Disengagement: It’s Been Nice, but I Really Must Be Going
		What’s in This Chapter?
			Objectives
		A Story About Disengaging From the Action
		What This Technique Is About
		When to Step Aside
		How to Carry Out This Technique
			How to Step Aside
		When Objectives Are Complete
		Formal Exit Meeting
		The Agenda
		Final Written Report
		Reflection for Continued Professional Development
		Try It!
		Summary
		Citations
Index