Making America: A History of the United States, Volume 2: From 1865, Brief

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Brief Contents
......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Maps......Page 16
Features......Page 18
Preface......Page 20
A Note for the Students: Your Guide to Making America......Page 26
About the Authors......Page 28
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Blanche K. Bruce......Page 32
Republican War Aims......Page 34
Approach to Reconstruction: “With Malice Toward None”......Page 35
Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction......Page 36
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Mississippi Black Code, 1865......Page 38
The Civil Rights Act of 1866......Page 39
Defining Citizenship: The Fourteenth Amendment......Page 40
Radicals in Control......Page 41
FREEDOM AND THE LEGACY OF SLAVERY......Page 42
Defining the Meaning of Freedom......Page 43
Creating Communities......Page 44
Land and Labor......Page 45
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Jourdan Anderson’s Proposition, 1865......Page 46
Political Terrorism and the Election of 1868......Page 47
BLACK RECONSTRUCTION......Page 48
The Republican Party in the South......Page 49
Creating an Educational System and Fighting Discrimination......Page 50
The “New Departure”......Page 51
The Politics of Terror: The “Mississippi Plan”......Page 52
The Compromise of 1877......Page 53
After Reconstruction......Page 55
SUMMARY......Page 56
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Frank Roney......Page 58
FOUNDATION FOR INDUSTRIALIZATION......Page 59
Resources, Skills, and Capital......Page 60
The Transformation of Agriculture......Page 61
The Impact of War and New Government Policies......Page 62
Overview: The Economy from the Civil War to World War I......Page 63
Railroad Expansion......Page 64
Chicago: Railroad Metropolis......Page 66
Andrew Carnegie and the Age of Steel......Page 67
MATTERS TODAY: Vertical Integration......Page 68
Survival of the Fittest or Robber Barons?......Page 69
Workers for Industry......Page 71
Craft Unionism—and Its Limits......Page 72
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: William Sylvis’s Address in Chicago, 1865......Page 73
Parties, Conventions, and Patronage......Page 74
Republicans and Democrats......Page 75
Grant’s Troubled Presidency: Spoils and Scandals......Page 76
Challenges to Politics as Usual: Grangers, Greenbackers, and Silverites......Page 77
THE UNITED STATES AND THE WORLD, 1865–1880......Page 79
SUMMARY......Page 81
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Nikola Tesla......Page 83
Standard Oil: Model for Monopoly......Page 85
Thomas Edison and the Power of Innovation......Page 86
Selling to the Nation......Page 87
Railroads, Investment Bankers, and “Morganization”......Page 88
Economic Concentration in Consumer- Goods Industries......Page 89
1886: Turning Point for Labor?......Page 90
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: August Spies Addresses the Court, 1886......Page 91
Uniting the Craft Unions: The American Federation of Labor......Page 92
Hyphenated America......Page 93
THE NEW URBAN AMERICA......Page 95
New Cities of Skyscrapers and Streetcars......Page 96
The New Urban Geography......Page 97
The New Middle Class......Page 98
Ferment in Education......Page 99
Redefining Gender Roles......Page 100
IT MATTERS TODAY: The WCTU and Woman Suffrage Outside the United States......Page 101
The Presidencies of Garfield and Arthur......Page 102
Cleveland and the Democrats......Page 103
The Mixed Blessings of Urban Machine Politics......Page 104
Challenging the Male Bastion: Woman Suffrage......Page 105
THE UNITED STATES AND THE WORLD, 1880–1889......Page 106
SUMMARY......Page 107
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: María Amparo Ruiz de Burton......Page 109
WAR FOR THE WEST......Page 110
The Plains Indians......Page 111
The Plains Wars......Page 114
The Last Indian Wars......Page 116
Zion in the Great Basin......Page 117
Plowing the Plains......Page 118
Western Railroads......Page 121
Western Mining......Page 122
Logging in the Pacific Northwest......Page 123
Water Wars......Page 124
Immigrants to the Golden Mountain......Page 125
Forced Assimilation......Page 127
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Helen Hunt Jackson Appeals for Justice, 1883......Page 128
Mexican Americans in the Southwest......Page 129
THE WEST IN AMERICAN THOUGHT......Page 130
The Frontier and the West......Page 131
SUMMARY......Page 132
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Mary Elizabeth Lease......Page 134
The People’s Party......Page 136
POLITICAL UPHEAVAL, PART TWO: THE POLITICS OF RACE......Page 137
POLITICAL UPHEAVAL, PART THREE: THE FAILURE OF THE REPUBLICANS......Page 140
The Elections of 1890 and 1892......Page 141
IT MATTERS TODAY: The Defeat of the Lodge Bill......Page 142
ECONOMIC COLLAPSE AND RESTRUCTURING......Page 143
Labor Conflict and Corporate Restructuring......Page 144
The Failure of the Divided Democrats......Page 145
The 1896 Election: Bryan Versus McKinley, Silver Versus Protection......Page 146
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: William Allen White, What’s the Matter with Kansas?” 1896......Page 147
After 1896: The New Republican Majority......Page 148
Revolution in Hawaii......Page 149
McKinley and War......Page 150
The “Splendid Little War”......Page 151
Republic or Empire: The Election of 1900......Page 154
SUMMARY......Page 155
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Theodore Roosevelt......Page 157
Organizing for Change......Page 158
Spearheads for Reform”: The Settlement Houses......Page 160
Women and Reform......Page 161
Racial Issues......Page 163
Exposing Corruption: The Muckrakers......Page 165
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Ida Tarbell Exposes Standard Oil Company, 1904......Page 166
Reforming City Government......Page 167
The Decline of Parties and the Rise of Interest Groups......Page 168
Roosevelt, Taft, and Republican Progressivism......Page 169
The Square Deal in Action: Creating Federal Economic Regulation......Page 170
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Theodore Roosevelt on Presidential Powers, 1913......Page 171
Taft’s Troubles......Page 172
Taking Panama......Page 173
Making the Caribbean an American Lake......Page 174
Roosevelt and Eastern Asia......Page 175
Debating the Future: The Election of 1912......Page 177
Wilson and Reform, 1913–1914......Page 178
IT MATTERS TODAY: The Federal Reserve Act......Page 179
Progressivism in Perspective......Page 180
SUMMARY......Page 181
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Charles Young......Page 183
Inherited Commitments and New Directions......Page 184
Wilson and the Mexican Revolution......Page 186
The Great War in Europe......Page 187
Neutral Rights and German U-Boats......Page 189
The Decision for War......Page 191
Mobilizing the Economy......Page 192
Mobilizing Public Opinion......Page 193
The Great Migration and White Reactions......Page 194
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: The Supreme Court Limits Free Speech, 1919......Page 195
“Over There”......Page 196
Bolshevism, the Secret Treaties, and the Fourteen Points......Page 197
The World in 1919......Page 198
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Woodrow Wilson Proposes His Fourteen Points, 1918......Page 199
Wilson at Versailles......Page 200
The Senate and the Treaty......Page 201
Red Scare......Page 203
The Election of 1920......Page 205
SUMMARY......Page 206
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Clara Bow......Page 208
Targeting Consumers......Page 209
The Automobile: Driving the Economy......Page 211
Changes in Banking and Business......Page 212
Agriculture: Depression in the Midst of Prosperity......Page 213
Putting a People on Wheels: The Automobile and American Life......Page 214
A Homogenized Culture Searches for Heroes......Page 215
Renaissance Among African Americans......Page 216
TRADITIONAL AMERICA ROARS BACK......Page 217
Fundamentalism and the Crusade Against Evolution......Page 218
Nativism, Immigration Restriction, and Eugenics......Page 219
The Ku Klux Klan......Page 220
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: The Klan’s Imperial Nighthawk, 1923......Page 221
ETHNICITY, RACE, CLASS, AND GENDER IN THE 1920S......Page 222
Ethnicity and Race: North, South, and West......Page 223
Labor on the Defensive......Page 224
Changes in Women’s Lives......Page 225
Harding’s Failed Presidency......Page 226
The Three-Way Presidential Election of 1924......Page 227
The Politics of Business......Page 228
The 1928 Campaign and the Election of Hoover......Page 229
America and the European Economy......Page 230
Encouraging International Cooperation......Page 231
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: The Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928......Page 232
SUMMARY......Page 233
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Frances Perkins......Page 235
The Great Crash and the Depression......Page 237
Hoover and the Depression......Page 240
THE NEW DEAL......Page 241
Roosevelt Confronts the Depression......Page 242
Seeking Recovery......Page 243
Remembering the “Forgotten Man”......Page 246
Changing Focus......Page 247
IT MATTERS TODAY: Social Security......Page 248
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Frances Perkins Explains the Social Security Act, 1935......Page 249
Waning of the New Deal......Page 250
SURVIVING THE DEPRESSION......Page 251
“Making Do”—Families and the Depression......Page 252
Women and Minorities in the Depression......Page 253
A New Deal for Women and Minorities......Page 254
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Eleanor Roosevelt Addresses Civil Rights, 1939......Page 256
SUMMARY......Page 258
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Minoru Kiyota......Page 260
Diplomacy in a Dangerous World......Page 263
Roosevelt and Isolationism......Page 264
War and American Neutrality......Page 265
The Battle for the Atlantic......Page 266
Pearl Harbor......Page 267
AMERICA RESPONDS TO WAR......Page 268
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Franklin Roosevelt’s War Speech, 1941......Page 269
Japanese American Internment......Page 270
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Hugo Black Defends Japanese Internment, 1944......Page 271
Mobilizing the Nation for War......Page 272
New Opportunities and Old Constraints......Page 274
The Tide Turns in Europe......Page 278
Defeating Hitler......Page 282
Entering the Nuclear Age......Page 284
SUMMARY......Page 285
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: George Frost Kennan......Page 287
THE COLD WAR BEGINS......Page 289
Truman and the Soviets......Page 290
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: George Kennan’s “Long Telegram,” 1946......Page 291
The Division of Europe......Page 293
IT MATTERS TODAY: Appeasement......Page 294
A Global Presence......Page 296
THE KOREAN WAR......Page 297
Halting Communist Aggression......Page 298
Truman and Liberalism......Page 300
The 1948 Election......Page 302
The Red Scare......Page 303
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Walt Disney Testifies Before HUAC, 1947......Page 305
Joseph McCarthy and the Politics of Loyalty......Page 306
Rising Expectations......Page 307
Restrained Expectations......Page 309
SUMMARY......Page 310
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Ray Kroc......Page 312
Eisenhower Takes Command......Page 314
Dynamic Conservatism......Page 316
EISENHOWER AND A HOSTILE WORLD......Page 317
The New Look......Page 318
Turmoil in the Middle East......Page 319
A Protective Neighbor......Page 321
The Soviets and Cold War Politics......Page 322
THE BEST OF TIMES......Page 323
Suburban and Family Culture......Page 324
Consumerism......Page 326
Rejecting Consensus......Page 327
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Ray Kroc Explains the McDonald’s Approach to Business, 1956......Page 328
The Trouble with Kids......Page 329
Integrating Schools......Page 330
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: The Southern Manifesto, 1956......Page 332
The Montgomery Bus Boycott......Page 333
IT MATTERS TODAY: The Brown Decision......Page 334
Ike and Civil Rights......Page 335
SUMMARY......Page 336
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture)......Page 337
The 1960 Campaign......Page 339
The New Frontier......Page 340
Kennedy and Civil Rights......Page 342
FLEXIBLE RESPONSE......Page 344
Confronting Castro and the Soviets......Page 345
Vietnam......Page 347
DEFINING A NEW PRESIDENCY......Page 348
Old and New Agendas......Page 349
Implementing the Great Society......Page 350
Urban Riots and Black Power......Page 352
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Stokely Carmichael Justifies Black Power, 1966......Page 354
Rejecting the Feminine Mystique......Page 355
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Establishing The President’s Commission on the Status of Women, 1961......Page 356
The Youth Movement......Page 358
The Counterculture......Page 359
SUMMARY......Page 360
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Dolores Huerta......Page 362
JOHNSON AND THE WAR......Page 364
Americanization of the Vietnam War......Page 365
The Antiwar Movement......Page 367
The Tet Offensive......Page 369
The Election of 1968......Page 370
DEFINING THE AMERICAN DREAM......Page 371
The Emergence of La Causa......Page 372
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: César Chávez on Organizing Rape Workers, 1979......Page 373
American Indian Activism......Page 374
Vietnamization......Page 375
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Veteran John Kerry’s Testimony on Vietnam, 1971......Page 378
Modifying the Cold War......Page 380
Nixon as Pragmatist......Page 381
IT MATTERS TODAY: Improving the Environment......Page 382
An Embattled President......Page 383
An Interim President......Page 385
SUMMARY......Page 386
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Franklin Chang-Dìaz......Page 388
THE CARTER PRESIDENCY......Page 390
Middle Eastern Crises......Page 391
Domestic Priorities......Page 394
Economic Slowdown......Page 395
Social Divisions......Page 396
New Immigrants......Page 398
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Diameng Pa Tells His Story, 1997......Page 399
The New Right......Page 400
Reaganism......Page 401
ASSERTING WORLD POWER......Page 403
Cold War Renewed......Page 404
Reagan and Gorbachev......Page 406
Bush and a New International Order......Page 407
Protecting American Interests Abroad......Page 409
A Kinder, Gentler Nation......Page 410
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Pat Buchanan’s “Culture War” Speech, 1992......Page 412
SUMMARY......Page 413
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Colin Powell......Page 415
The Shifting Economy......Page 416
THE CLINTON YEARS......Page 419
Clinton and Congress......Page 420
Judicial Restraint and the Rehnquist Court......Page 421
Clinton’s Comeback......Page 422
A Revitalized Economy......Page 423
Clinton’s Second Term......Page 424
Clinton’s Foreign Policy......Page 425
The 2000 Election......Page 426
Establishing the Bush Agenda......Page 427
Charting New Foreign Policies......Page 428
An Assault Against a Nation......Page 429
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Colin Powell Makes a Case for War, 2003......Page 432
A Series of Political Races......Page 435
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: President Obama’s Inaugural Address, 2009......Page 438
SUMMARY......Page 439
Suggested Readings......Page 442
Declaration of Independence......Page 450
Constitution of the United States......Page 452
Presidential Elections......Page 462
Index......Page 468