Making America: A History of the United States, Volume 1: To 1877, Brief

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Brief Contents......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Maps......Page 16
Features......Page 18
Preface......Page 22
A Note for the Students: Your Guide to Making America......Page 28
About the Authors......Page 30
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Hienwatha......Page 33
A WORLD OF CHANGE......Page 35
American Origins......Page 36
IT MATTERS TODAY: Native Americans Shape a New World......Page 37
The Complex World of Indian America......Page 38
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: The Origin of the League of Peace......Page 41
A World of Change in Africa......Page 43
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: A Moroccan Visits Sub-Saharan Africa......Page 45
The Portuguese, Africa, and Plantation Slavery......Page 46
The Continued Quest for Asian Trade......Page 47
A New Transatlantic World......Page 48
A Meeting of Minds in America......Page 49
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Columbus Meets the Tiano......Page 50
The Columbian Exchange......Page 51
New Worlds in Africa and America......Page 53
A New World in Europe......Page 54
SUMMARY......Page 57
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Bartolomé de Las Casas......Page 58
THE NEW EUROPE AND THE ATLANTIC WORLD......Page 60
Spanish Expansion in America......Page 61
Dreams of an English Eden......Page 62
The Decline of Spanish Power......Page 63
EUROPEAN EMPIRES IN AMERICA......Page 64
The Dutch Enterprise......Page 66
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Las Casas Debates Indian Rights, 1550......Page 67
The French Presence in America......Page 69
The Indian Frontier in New Spain......Page 71
The Indian World in the Southeast......Page 73
The Indian World in the Northeast......Page 74
The New Indian World of the Plains......Page 75
CONQUEST AND ACCOMMODATION IN A SHARED NEW WORLD......Page 76
The Dutch Settlements......Page 77
Life in French Louisiana......Page 78
SUMMARY......Page 79
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Nathaniel Bacon......Page 81
ENGLAND AND COLONIZATION......Page 83
Turmoil and Tensions in England......Page 84
SETTLING THE CHESAPEAKE......Page 85
The Jamestown Colony......Page 86
Troubles on the Chesapeake......Page 88
Colonial Chesapeake Life......Page 89
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Nathaniel Bacon’s “Declaration of the People”......Page 90
The Plymouth Colony......Page 91
Massachusetts Bay and Its Settlers......Page 93
Government in Puritan Massachusetts......Page 95
Indian Suppression......Page 97
Change and Reaction in England and New England......Page 98
Leisler’s Rebellion......Page 100
William Penn’s Holy Experiment......Page 101
The Carolina Colony......Page 102
Georgia, the Last Colony......Page 103
SUMMARY......Page 104
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Eliza Lucas Pinckney......Page 106
THE ENGLISH TRANSATLANTIC COMMUNITIES OF TRADE......Page 107
The Cords of Commercial Empire......Page 108
The Emergence of the “Yankee”......Page 109
Planter Society and Slavery......Page 110
Slave Experience and Slave Culture......Page 111
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Eliza Lucas at Wappoo, 1740s......Page 112
The Urban Culture of the Middle Colonies......Page 114
Life in the Backcountry......Page 115
Slave Revolts, North and South......Page 116
Clashes Between the Rich and the Poor......Page 117
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: The Stono Rebellion, 1739......Page 118
The Impact of the Enlightenment......Page 119
The Great Awakening......Page 120
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: George Whitefield, Sermon, 1740......Page 122
Local Colonial Government......Page 123
Conflicting Views of the Assemblies......Page 124
NORTH AMERICA AND THE STRUGGLE FOR EMPIRE......Page 125
An Age of Imperial Warfare......Page 126
The Great War for Empire......Page 127
The Outcomes of the Great War for Empire......Page 128
SUMMARY......Page 129
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Charles Inglis......Page 130
VICTORY’S NEW PROBLEMS......Page 132
Demanding More from the Colonists......Page 134
The Colonial Response......Page 135
The Stamp Act......Page 136
The Popular Response......Page 137
Political Debate......Page 138
Repeal of the Stamp Act......Page 139
The Townshend Acts and Colonial Protest......Page 140
The British Humiliated......Page 141
Disturbing the Peace of the Early 1770s......Page 143
The Tea Act and the Tea Party......Page 144
Creating a National Forum: The First Continental Congress......Page 145
THE DECISION FOR INDEPENDENCE......Page 146
Taking Charge and Enforcing Policies......Page 147
The Shot Heard ‘Round the World......Page 148
Declaring Independence......Page 149
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, 1776......Page 150
Declaring Loyalties......Page 151
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Charles Inglis’s The True Interest of America, 1776......Page 152
SUMMARY......Page 154
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Deborah Sampson......Page 155
THE FIRST TWO YEARS OF WAR......Page 156
The Battle for Boston......Page 157
The British Strategy in 1776......Page 158
Escape from New York......Page 159
Burgoyne’s New York Campaign......Page 160
Winter Quarters in 1777......Page 162
The Long Road to Formal Recognition......Page 163
War and the American Public......Page 164
The War Stalls in the North......Page 165
The Second Carolinas Campaign......Page 166
Treason and Triumph......Page 168
Winning Diplomatic Independence......Page 169
REPUBLICAN EXPECTATIONS IN A NEW NATION......Page 170
Legal Reforms......Page 171
Women in the New Republic......Page 172
The War’s Impact on Slaves and Slavery......Page 174
IT MATTERS TODAY: Tracking Changes in Gender Roles......Page 175
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: George Washington on Black Loyalists, 1783......Page 176
SUMMARY......Page 177
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Mercy Otis Warren......Page 179
AMERICA’S FIRST CONSTITUTIONS......Page 181
The Articles of Confederation......Page 182
Depression and Financial Crisis......Page 184
Diplomatic Problems......Page 185
A Farmers’ Revolt......Page 186
The Revolt of the “Better Sort”......Page 187
CREATING A NEW CONSTITUTION......Page 188
Revise or Replace?......Page 189
Drafting an Acceptable Document......Page 190
The Ratification Controversy......Page 191
President George Washington......Page 193
Unity’s Achievements......Page 194
Hamilton and Jefferson’s Differences......Page 195
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Hamilton and Madison Debate Funding and Assumption, 1790......Page 197
Foreign Affairs and Deepening Divisions......Page 198
Jay’s Treaty......Page 200
Washington’s Farewell......Page 201
SUMMARY......Page 202
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Jedidiah Peck......Page 204
CONFLICT IN THE ADAMS ADMINISTRATION......Page 206
The Split Election of 1796......Page 207
XYZ: The Power of Patriotism......Page 208
The Home Front in the Quasi-War......Page 209
Settlement with France......Page 210
THE “REVOLUTION OF 1800”......Page 211
Federalist Defenses and a Loyal Opposition......Page 212
Jefferson’s Vision for America......Page 214
Assault on Federalist Defenses......Page 215
Implementing a New Economy......Page 217
Threats to Jefferson’s Vision......Page 218
Pushing Westward......Page 219
CHALLENGE AND UNCERTAINTY IN JEFFERSON’S AMERICA......Page 220
The Religious Response to Social Change......Page 221
The Problem of Race in Jefferson’s Republic......Page 222
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Jefferson’s Notes and Slavery, 1785......Page 224
SUMMARY......Page 226
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Tecumseh......Page 227
TROUBLING CURRENTS IN JEFFERSON’S AMERICA......Page 228
Emerging Factions in American Politics......Page 229
Economic Warfare......Page 231
Economic Depression......Page 233
Prophecy and Politics in the West......Page 234
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Tecumseh Denounces American Indian Policy, 1810......Page 236
Choosing War......Page 237
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: James Madison’s War Message to Congress, 1812......Page 238
The Fighting Begins......Page 239
The War Continues......Page 241
The Politics of War......Page 242
New British Offensives......Page 243
The War’s Strange Conclusion......Page 244
Economic Change in the Post-War Republic......Page 245
A Revolution in the Southern Economy......Page 247
Reviving and Reinventing Slavery......Page 248
SUMMARY......Page 250
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: John C. Calhoun......Page 252
AN “ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS”......Page 253
The “American System” and New Economic Direction......Page 255
The Transportation Problem......Page 256
Legal Anchors for New Business Enterprise......Page 257
IT MATTERS TODAY: The Federal Role in Interstate Commerce......Page 258
James Monroe and the Nationalist Agenda......Page 259
DYNAMIC GROWTH AND POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES......Page 260
Economic Woes and Political Sectionalism......Page 261
New Politics and the End of Good Feelings......Page 263
THE “NEW MAN” IN POLITICS......Page 265
Democratic Styles and Political Structure......Page 266
The Rise of “King Andrew”......Page 267
Launching Jacksonian Politics......Page 268
Jackson and the Bank......Page 269
Jackson and the Indians......Page 270
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Jackson’s Bank Veto, July 10, 1832......Page 271
The Nullification Crisis......Page 274
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Calhoun’s Defense of Nullification, 1833......Page 275
SUMMARY......Page 276
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Helen Jewett......Page 278
A New Birth for the Plantation System......Page 280
Life Among Common Southern Whites......Page 281
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Jacob Stroyer Remembers the Slave Trade, 1850s......Page 282
Living Conditions for Southern Slaves......Page 283
THE MANUFACTURING EMPIRE IN THE NORTHEAST......Page 285
New Workplaces and New Workers......Page 286
IT MATTERS TODAY: Manufacturing and the Revolution in Time......Page 287
Living Conditions in Blue-Collar America......Page 289
Life and Culture Among a New Middle Class......Page 290
Social Life for a Genteel Class......Page 291
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: The Press and Helen Jewett, 1836......Page 292
Moving Westward......Page 293
The Hispanic Southwest......Page 296
The Mormon Community......Page 297
Tying the West to the Nation......Page 298
SUMMARY......Page 300
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Lydia Sigourney......Page 302
Romanticism and Genteel Culture......Page 303
Culture Among Workers and Slaves......Page 306
Radical Attempts to Regain Community......Page 308
A Second Great Awakening......Page 309
The Middle Class and Moral Reform......Page 311
Free and Slave Labor Protests......Page 313
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: The Declaration of Sentiments, 1848......Page 314
THE WHIG ALTERNATIVE TO JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY......Page 316
The New Political Coalition......Page 317
Van Buren in the White House......Page 318
THE TRIUMPH OF MANIFEST DESTINY......Page 319
Expansion to the North and West......Page 320
Revolution in Texas......Page 321
The Politics of Manifest Destiny......Page 322
Expansion and the Election of 1844......Page 323
The War with Mexico and Sectional Crisis......Page 324
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: James K. Polk’s War Message to Congress, 1846......Page 325
SUMMARY......Page 328
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Frederick Douglass......Page 329
NEW POLITICAL OPTIONS......Page 330
Politicizing Slavery: The Election of 1848......Page 331
Disaffected Voices and Political Dissent......Page 333
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Frederick Douglass’s Fourth of July Oration, 1852......Page 334
The Politics of Compromise......Page 335
A Changing Political Economy......Page 336
Political Instability and the Election of 1852......Page 338
Increasing Tension Under Pierce......Page 339
TOWARD A HOUSE DIVIDED......Page 340
Bleeding Kansas......Page 341
Bringing Slavery Home to the North......Page 342
IT MATTERS TODAY: The Dred Scott Case......Page 343
The Dominance of Sectionalism......Page 344
The Election of 1860......Page 346
The First Wave of Secession......Page 347
Responses to Disunion......Page 348
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Alexander Stephens’s Cornerstone Speech, 1861......Page 349
Lincoln, Sumter, and War......Page 351
Choosing Sides in Virginia......Page 352
Trouble Along the Border......Page 353
SUMMARY......Page 354
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Susie King Taylor......Page 356
THE POLITICS OF WAR......Page 357
Union Policies and Objectives......Page 358
Confederate Policies and Objectives......Page 359
The Diplomatic Front......Page 360
The Union’s First Attack......Page 361
Struggle for the Mississippi......Page 362
Lee’s Aggressive Defense of Virginia......Page 364
Diplomacy and the Politics of Emancipation......Page 365
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, 1862......Page 367
Instituting the Draft......Page 368
Wartime Economy in the North and South......Page 370
Women in Two Nations at War......Page 371
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Susie King Taylor, 1899......Page 372
Free Blacks, Slaves, and War......Page 373
Life and Death at the Front......Page 374
Lincoln’s Generals and Southern Successes......Page 375
Grant, Sherman, and the Invention of Total War......Page 377
The Election of 1864 and Sherman’s March to the Sea......Page 378
IT MATTERS TODAY: The Gettysburg Address......Page 379
The End of Lee and Lincoln......Page 380
SUMMARY......Page 381
INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Blanche K. Bruce......Page 383
Republican War Aims......Page 385
Approach to Reconstruction: “With Malice Toward None”......Page 386
Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction......Page 387
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Mississippi Black Code, 1865......Page 389
The Civil Rights Act of 1866......Page 390
Defining Citizenship: The Fourteenth Amendment......Page 391
Radicals in Control......Page 392
FREEDOM AND THE LEGACY OF SLAVERY......Page 393
Defining the Meaning of Freedom......Page 394
Creating Communities......Page 395
Land and Labor......Page 396
INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Jourdan Anderson’s Proposition, 1865......Page 397
Political Terrorism and the Election of 1868......Page 398
BLACK RECONSTRUCTION......Page 399
The Republican Party in the South......Page 400
Creating an Educational System and Fighting Discrimination......Page 401
The “New Departure”......Page 402
The Politics of Terror: The “Mississippi Plan”......Page 403
The Compromise of 1877......Page 404
After Reconstruction......Page 406
SUMMARY......Page 407
Suggested Readings......Page 409
Declaration of Independence......Page 415
Constitution of the United States......Page 417
Presidential Elections......Page 427
Index......Page 432