Maintaining Mission Critical Systems in a 24/7 Environment, Second Edition

Maintaining Mission Critical Systems in a 24/7 Environment......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Foreword......Page 19
Preface......Page 21
Acknowlegments......Page 23
1.1 Introduction......Page 27
1.2 Risk Assessment......Page 30
1.3 Capital Cost Versus Operation Cost......Page 32
1.4 Critical Environment Workflow and Change Management......Page 34
1.4.1 Change Management......Page 35
1.5 Testing and Commissioning......Page 36
1.6 Documentation and the Human Factor......Page 40
1.7 Education and Training......Page 44
1.8 Operation and Maintenance......Page 45
1.9 Employee Certification......Page 46
1.10 Standards and Benchmarking......Page 47
1.12 Risk Analysis and Improvement......Page 48
2.1 Introduction......Page 51
2.2 Risks Related to Information Security......Page 55
2.3 How Risks are Addressed......Page 60
2.4 Use of Distributed Generation......Page 63
2.5 Documentation and Its Relation to Information Security......Page 66
2.6 Smart Grid......Page 68
2.7 Conclusion......Page 70
2.8 Risk Analysis and Improvement......Page 71
3.1 Introduction......Page 73
3.2 Companies\' Expectations: Risk Tolerance and Reliability......Page 74
3.3 Identifying the Appropriate Redundancy in a Mission Critical Facility......Page 76
3.3.1 Load Classifications......Page 77
3.4 Improving Reliability, Maintainability, and Proactive Preventative Maintenance......Page 78
3.5 The Mission Critical Facilities Manager and the Importance of the Boardroom......Page 79
3.6 Quantifying Reliability and Availability......Page 80
3.6.1 Review of Reliability Terminology......Page 81
3.7 Design Considerations for the Mission Critical Data Center......Page 82
3.7.1 Data Center Certification......Page 83
3.8 The Evolution of Mission Critical Facility Design......Page 84
3.9 Human Factors and the Commissioning Process......Page 85
3.10.1 Short-Circuit Study......Page 86
3.10.2 Coordination Study......Page 89
3.11.1 Advantages of DC Distribution......Page 91
3.11.3 DC Storage Options......Page 93
3.11.6 Current State of the Art......Page 94
3.11.7 Safety Issues......Page 96
3.11.10 Future Vision......Page 97
3.12 Containerized Systems Overview......Page 98
3.13 Conclusion......Page 99
4.1 Introduction......Page 107
4.2 The History of the Maintenance Supervisor and the Evolution of the Mission Critical Facilities Engineer......Page 109
4.3 Internal Building Deficiencies and Analysis......Page 111
4.4 Evaluating Your System......Page 112
4.5 Choosing a Maintenance Approach......Page 113
4.5.1 Annual Preventive Maintenance......Page 114
4.6.1 Standards and Regulations......Page 115
4.6.2 Electrical Safety: Arc Flash......Page 116
4.6.3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)......Page 118
4.6.4 Lockout/Tagout......Page 124
4.7 Maintenance of Typical Electrical Distribution Equipment......Page 125
4.7.1 Thermal Scanning and Thermal Monitoring......Page 126
4.7.3 480 Volt Switchgear......Page 128
4.7.5 Automatic Transfer Switches......Page 129
4.7.6 Automatic Static Transfer Switches (ASTS)......Page 130
4.7.9 Uninterruptible Power Systems......Page 131
4.9 Conclusion......Page 133
5.1 Introduction......Page 135
5.2 The Necessity for Standby Power......Page 136
5.3 Emergency, Legally Required, and Optional Systems......Page 137
5.4 Standby Systems That Are Legally Required......Page 138
5.7 Management Commitment and Training......Page 139
5.7.1 Lockout/Tagout......Page 140
5.8 Standby Generator Systems Maintenance Procedures......Page 141
5.8.2 Engine......Page 142
5.8.6 Automatic and Manual Switchgear......Page 143
5.9.1 Proper Documentation and Forms......Page 144
5.10 Emergency Procedures......Page 145
5.11 Cold Start and Load Acceptance......Page 146
5.12.2 Step Loading......Page 147
5.12.5 Synchronizing to Bypass......Page 148
5.13 Conclusion......Page 149
6.1 Introduction......Page 151
6.3 Bulk Storage Tank Selection......Page 152
6.3.1 Aboveground Tanks......Page 153
6.4 Codes and Standards......Page 154
6.5 Recommended Practices for All Tanks......Page 155
6.6 Fuel Distribution System Configuration......Page 159
6.7 Day Tank Control System......Page 161
6.8 Diesel Fuel and A Fuel Quality Assurance Program......Page 165
6.8.2 New Fuel Shipment Prereceipt Inspection......Page 167
6.8.3 Analysis of New Fuel Prior to Transfer to On-Site Storage......Page 170
6.8.4 Monthly Fuel System Maintenance......Page 171
6.8.6 Remediation......Page 172
6.9 Conclusion......Page 174
7.1 Introduction......Page 175
7.2 Transfer Switch Technology and Applications......Page 177
7.3.1 Manual Transfer Switches......Page 178
7.3.2 Automatic Transfer Switches......Page 179
7.4.1 Time Delays......Page 189
7.4.2 In-Phase Monitor......Page 190
7.4.4 Exercise Clock......Page 191
7.5.1 Close Against High In-Rush Currents......Page 192
7.6.1 NEMA Classification......Page 193
7.7.1 Installation and Commissioning......Page 194
7.7.2 Maintenance and Safety......Page 196
7.7.5 Testing and Training......Page 199
7.9 Conclusion......Page 202
8.1 Introduction......Page 205
8.2.1 Major Components......Page 206
8.3.1 Normal Operation......Page 207
8.3.2 Bypass Operation......Page 208
8.4.1 General Parameters......Page 209
8.4.4 Monitoring, Data Logging, and Data Management......Page 210
8.4.6 STS Remote Communication......Page 211
8.4.7 Security......Page 212
8.4.9 Reliability and Availability......Page 213
8.4.11 Fault Tolerance and Abnormal Operation......Page 215
8.6 Conclusion......Page 216
9.1 Introduction......Page 219
9.2 Electricity Basics......Page 221
9.2.2 Power Factor......Page 222
9.3 Transmission of Power......Page 223
9.3.1 Life Cycle of Electricity......Page 224
9.3.2 Single-Phase and Three-Phase Power Basics......Page 225
9.3.3 Unreliable Power versus Reliable Power......Page 227
9.4.1 Power Quality Transients......Page 228
9.4.2 RMS Variations......Page 230
9.4.3 Causes of Power Line Disturbances......Page 233
9.5 Tolerances of Computer Equipment......Page 238
9.5.1 CBEMA Curve......Page 240
9.6 Power Monitoring......Page 241
9.7 The Deregulation Wildcard......Page 243
9.8 Conclusion......Page 247
10.1.1 Green Technologies and Reliability Overview......Page 249
10.2 Purpose of UPS Systems......Page 251
10.3.2 How Does a UPS System Work?......Page 254
10.3.3 Static UPS Systems......Page 255
10.3.5 Double Conversion......Page 256
10.3.6 Double Conversion UPS Power Path......Page 257
10.4.1 Power Control Devices......Page 258
10.5 Online Line Interactive UPS Systems......Page 264
10.6 Offline (Standby)......Page 265
10.7.1 Emergence of the IGBT......Page 266
10.7.2 Two-and Three-Level Rectifier/Inverter Topology......Page 267
10.8 Rotary UPS Systems......Page 268
10.8.1 UPSs Using Diesel......Page 269
10.8.2 Hybrid UPS Systems......Page 270
10.9.1 N Configuration......Page 271
10.9.4 N+2 Configuration......Page 272
10.9.6 2N+ 1 Configuration......Page 274
10.9.8 Eco-Mode for Static UPS......Page 275
10.9.9 Availability Calculations......Page 276
10.10.1 Battery......Page 277
10.10.2 Flywheel Energy......Page 281
10.11 UPS Maintenance and Testing......Page 282
10.11.1 Physical Preventive Maintenance (PM)......Page 283
10.11.3 Functional Load Testing......Page 284
10.11.6 Harmonic Analysis and Testing......Page 285
10.11.7 Filter Integrity and Testing......Page 286
10.11.10 Battery Rundown Test......Page 287
10.13 UPS Management......Page 288
10.14 Conclusion......Page 289
11.1 Introduction......Page 291
11.3 Cooling within Datacom Rooms......Page 292
11.4.2 Cooling-Medium Side......Page 293
11.5.1 Refrigeration Equipment—Chillers......Page 295
11.5.2 Heat-Rejection Equipment......Page 299
11.5.3 Energy-Recovery Equipment......Page 308
11.5.4 Heat Exchangers......Page 313
11.6.1 CRAC Units......Page 316
11.7 Conclusion......Page 321
12.1 Introduction......Page 323
12.1.1 Data Center Efficiency Measurement......Page 325
12.2 Heat Transfer Inside Data Centers......Page 326
12.2.1 Heat Generation......Page 327
12.2.3 Cooling Air......Page 328
12.3.3 Recirculation......Page 329
12.3.6 CRAC/CRAH Types......Page 330
12.3.8 Sensible Versus Latent Cooling......Page 331
12.3.9 Humidity Control......Page 333
12.4.1 Hot Aisle/Cold Aisle......Page 334
12.4.4 Overhead Supplemental Cooling......Page 335
12.5.1 Active Air Movement......Page 336
12.5.3 Liquid Cooling......Page 337
12.6.1 Server Efficiency......Page 338
12.6.7 Effects of Dynamic Server Loads on Cooling......Page 339
12.8 Efficiency Problem Solving......Page 340
12.10 Conversions, Formulas, Guidelines......Page 342
13.1.1 What is an Access Floor?......Page 343
13.1.2 What are Typical Applications for Access Floors?......Page 344
13.2 Design Considerations......Page 345
13.2.1 Determine the Structural Performance Required......Page 346
13.2.2 Determine the Required Finished Floor Height......Page 348
13.2.3 Determine the Understructure Support Design Type Required......Page 349
13.2.4 Determine the Appropriate Floor Finish......Page 351
13.2.5 Airflow Requirements......Page 352
13.3.2 Removing Panels......Page 354
13.3.3 Stringer Systems......Page 356
13.3.4 Protection of the Floor from Heavy Loads......Page 357
13.3.5 Grounding the Access Floor......Page 362
13.3.7 Zinc Whiskers......Page 363
13.4.3 Cutout Locations in Panel—Supplemental Support for Cut Panels......Page 364
13.4.6 Round Cutout Procedure......Page 365
13.5 Access Floor Maintenance......Page 366
13.5.1 Best Practices for Standard High-Pressure Laminate Floor Tile (HPL) and for Vinyl Conductive and Static Dissipative Tile......Page 367
13.5.3 Cleaning the Floor Cavity......Page 368
13.6.3 Panel Lipping Condition (Panel Sitting High)......Page 369
13.6.4 Out-of-Square Stringer Grid (Twisted Grid)......Page 370
13.6.6 Tight Floor or Loose Floor—Floor Systems Laminated with HPL Tile......Page 371
13.7.2 Energy Efficiency—Hot and Cold Air Containment......Page 372
13.7.3 Airflow Distribution and CFD Analysis......Page 373
13.8 Conclusion......Page 380
14.1 Introduction......Page 383
14.2 Philosophy......Page 384
14.3 Alarm and Notification......Page 385
14.4 Early Detection......Page 387
14.5 Fire Suppression......Page 388
14.6.1 Stages of a Fire......Page 390
14.6.2 Fire and Building Codes......Page 391
14.7 Fire Detection......Page 392
14.8 Fire Suppression Systems......Page 400
14.8.1 Water Mist Systems......Page 405
14.8.2 Carbon Dioxide Systems......Page 408
14.8.4 Inert Gas Agents......Page 410
14.8.6 IG-55......Page 411
14.8.7 Chemical Clean Agents......Page 412
14.8.9 Clean Agents and the Environment......Page 416
14.9 Conclusion......Page 417
A.1 Introduction......Page 419
A.2 Industry Policies and Regulations......Page 421
A.2.1 USA PATRIOT Act......Page 422
A.2.2 Sarbanes–Oxley Act (SOX)......Page 423
A.2.4 Executive Order 13423—Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy, and Transportation Management......Page 425
A.2.5 ISO27000 Information Security Management Systems (ISMS)......Page 426
A.2.6 The National Strategy for the Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructure and Key Assets......Page 429
A.2.7 2009 National Infrastructure Protection Plan......Page 430
A.2.10 Sound Practices to Strengthen the Resilience of the U.S. Financial System......Page 431
A.2.11 C4I—Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence......Page 433
A.2.13 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)......Page 434
A.2.14 Business Continuity Management Agencies and Regulating Organizations......Page 436
A.2.16 National Fire Prevention Association 1600 Standard on Disaster/Emergency Management and Business Continuity Programs......Page 438
A.3 Data Protection......Page 440
A.4 Encryption......Page 442
A.5 Business Continuity Plan (BCP)......Page 443
A.6 Conclusion......Page 445
Appendix B Consolidated List of Key Questions......Page 447
C.1 Introduction......Page 467
C.2 Control is the Key......Page 468
C.2.1 Benefits of Control......Page 470
C.3.1 Lower Return Air ΔT Versus Higher ΔT......Page 471
C.4 Air Management Technologies......Page 477
C.4.3 Containment Strategies......Page 478
C.4.4 Active-Air Management......Page 479
C.4.5 A Benchmark Study for Comparison......Page 480
C.5 Conclusion......Page 482
Glossary......Page 485
Bibliography......Page 499
Index......Page 505
IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering......Page 513