Maintainability of Building Envelope Elements: Optimizing Predictive Condition-Based Maintenance Decisions

Foreword
Contents
Nomenclature
	Acronyms
	Petri Net Symbology
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Maintenance of Buildings and Components
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Relevance of Maintenance to Enhance the Durability and Sustainability of Buildings
	1.3 Concepts and Terminology
	1.4 Book Overview
	References
2 Condition-Based Maintenance
	2.1 Overview of the Different Maintenance Policies and Strategies
	2.2 Assumption of the Maintenance Model
	2.3 Application of Service Life Prediction in the Definition of Maintenance Plans
		2.3.1 Impact of Maintenance on the Durability of Buildings
		2.3.2 Life Cycle Costs
		2.3.3 Efficiency of Maintenance Plans
	2.4 Chapter Closing Remarks: The Model Assumptions
	References
3 The Use of Petri Nets to Model the Maintainability of Buildings
	3.1 Theoretical Concepts Related with Petri Nets
		3.1.1 Timed Petri Nets
		3.1.2 Nomenclature of the Transitions
		3.1.3 Inhibitor Arcs
		3.1.4 Conflicts
	3.2 Application of Petri Nets to Model the Degradation of Building Components
		3.2.1 Classification System
		3.2.2 Firing Rates Estimation
		3.2.3 Probability of Occurrence of the Observed Transition
		3.2.4 Optimization of the Probability Distribution Parameters
	3.3 Isomorphism Between Petri Nets and Markov Chains
	3.4 Application of Petri Nets to Model the Condition-Based Maintenance of Building
		3.4.1 Degradation Process
		3.4.2 Inspection Process
		3.4.3 Maintenance Process
		3.4.4 Impact of the Maintenance Actions
		3.4.5 Modelling of the Maintenance Actions
		3.4.6 Periodicity of the Cleaning Operations
		3.4.7 Constraints of the Maintenance Actions
		3.4.8 Numerical Modelling
	3.5 Chapter Closing Remarks: The Maintenance Model
	References
4 Maintainability of Buildings’ Envelope
	4.1 Application of Condition-Based Maintenance Model to Building Components
		4.1.1 Initial Degradation Condition
		4.1.2 Parameters of the Degradation Process
		4.1.3 Frequency of the Inspections
		4.1.4 Impact of the Maintenance Actions
		4.1.5 Costs
		4.1.6 Constraints
		4.1.7 Initial Marking of the Petri Net
	4.2 Impact of Maintenance on the Building’ Envelope Service Life
		4.2.1 Ceramic Tiling Systems
		4.2.2 Natural Stone Claddings
		4.2.3 Rendered Façades
		4.2.4 Painted Surfaces
		4.2.5 External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems
		4.2.6 Architectural Concrete Façades
		4.2.7 Aluminium Window Frames
		4.2.8 Wooden Window Frames
		4.2.9 Ceramic Claddings in Pitched Roofs
		4.2.10 Discussion of Results
	4.3 Analysis of Buildings’ Envelope Life Cycle Costs
		4.3.1 Initial Application Costs
		4.3.2 Inspection Costs
		4.3.3 Total Maintenance Costs
		4.3.4 Life Cycle Costs
	4.4 Impact of Maintenance on the Buildings’ Envelope Performance (Efficiency Index)
		4.4.1 Ceramic Tiling Systems
		4.4.2 Natural Stone Claddings
		4.4.3 Rendered Façades
		4.4.4 Painted Surfaces
		4.4.5 External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems
		4.4.6 Architectural Concrete Façades
		4.4.7 Aluminium Window Frames
		4.4.8 Wooden Window Frames
		4.4.9 Ceramic Claddings in Pitched Roofs
		4.4.10 Discussion of Results
	4.5 Impact of Maintenance on the Buildings’ Use
	4.6 Chapter Closing Remarks: The Relevance of Adopting Maintenance Strategies
	References
5 Multi-objective Analysis and Comparison of Different Maintenance Strategies
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Multi-criteria Decision Analysis
		5.2.1 Theoretical Foundations
		5.2.2 Claddings
		5.2.3 Window Frames
		5.2.4 Ceramic Claddings in Pitched Roofs
	5.3 Optimization of Inspection and Maintenance Periods
		5.3.1 Formulation of the Optimization Problem
		5.3.2 Ceramic Tiling Systems
		5.3.3 Natural Stone Claddings
		5.3.4 Rendered Façades
		5.3.5 Painted Surfaces
		5.3.6 External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems
		5.3.7 Architectural Concrete Façades
		5.3.8 Aluminium Window Frames
		5.3.9 Wooden Window Frames
		5.3.10 Ceramic Claddings in Pitched Roofs
	5.4 Chapter Closing Remarks: The Impacts of an Optimal Maintenance Plan
	References
6 Lessons Learned and Opportunities to Go Forward
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Proposal of Optimal Maintenance Plans
	6.3 The Way Forward and Final Remarks
		6.3.1 Computer Implementation of Maintenance Plans
		6.3.2 Impact of Regular Maintenance on Unplanned Maintenance
		6.3.3 Global Maintenance Plan of Buildings’ Envelope
		6.3.4 Definition of Insurance Policies
		6.3.5 Building Information Modelling
		6.3.6 Adaptation to Other Classification Systems
	References
Appendix A Classification Systems of the Building Components Analysed
A.1 Ceramic Tiling Systems
A.2 Natural Stone Claddings
A.3 Rendered Façades
A.4 Painted Surfaces
A.5 External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems
A.6 Architectural Concrete Façades
A.7 Window Frames
A.8 Ceramic Claddings in Pitched Roofs
References
Appendix B Markov Chains
B.1 Discrete Time Markov Chains
B.2 Continuous Time Markov Chains
B.3 Degradation Process
References
Appendix C Validation of the Petri Net Degradation Model and Identification of the Most Suitable Probabilistic Distribution
C.1 Ceramic Tiling Systems
C.2 Natural Stone Claddings
C.3 Rendered Façades
C.4 Painted Surfaces
C.5 External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems
C.6 Architectural Concrete Façades
C.7 Aluminium Window Frames
C.8 Wooden Window Frames
C.9 Ceramic Claddings in Pitched Roofs
Reference
Appendix D Illustrative Example of the Computation of the Impact of the Intervention Parameters for Ceramic Tilling Systems
References