Magnetospheric Substorms

Magnetospheric Substorms......Page 1
Magnetospheric Substorms......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 10
Development of Magnetospheric Physics......Page 11
IMF Variations and the Driver Gas......Page 15
References......Page 16
THE BEGINNING OF SUBSTORM RESEARCH......Page 18
REFERENCES......Page 20
2. Auroral Arc Dynamics and Magnetospheric Electric Fields......Page 22
4. Transition to the Active Phase......Page 24
5. Expansion and Recovery Phases......Page 26
6. Magneto spheric Subs torrn Energetics......Page 28
7. Conclusions......Page 30
References......Page 31
2. Electrojets and Auroral Oval......Page 33
3. Current Systems During Different Phases of Substorms......Page 34
4. Auroral Electrojets and the Ring Currents-Dependence on the Interplanetary Plasma Parameters......Page 37
Conclusion......Page 43
References......Page 44
INTRODUCTION......Page 46
PRINCIPAL SUBSTORM PHENOMENA......Page 47
GROWTH PHASE OF THE SYNTHESIS MODEL......Page 50
EXPANSION PHASE OF THE SYNTHESIS MODEL......Page 55
SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 60
REFERENCES......Page 61
INTRODUCTION......Page 64
Auroral Signatures of Substorm Expansive Phases and the Constraints they Pose......Page 68
Constraints on Substorm Models from Magnetotail Observations......Page 69
CONCLUSIONS......Page 74
REFERENCES......Page 75
Ionospheric Signatures of Substorms......Page 76
MAGNETOSPHERE IONOSPHERE COUPLING PROCESS ON THE ALFVEN TIME SCALE......Page 77
Main Results of the M-I Coupling Model......Page 79
Enhancement of Magnetospheric Convection During the Growth Phase......Page 80
Region-2 Field-Aligned Currents Enhanced During the Growth Phase......Page 82
Closure of Substorm Field-Aligned Currents in the Plasma Sheet......Page 83
Plasma Injection Driven by the Shock Launched by the Substorm Induced Electric Field......Page 85
Convection Modified by the Substorm Induced Electric Field......Page 86
RECOVERY PHASE OF SUBSTORMS......Page 87
SUMMARY......Page 88
REFERENCES......Page 89
Introduction......Page 91
Analyses......Page 92
References......Page 95
Introduction......Page 96
Principal Parts of Plasma Precipitation......Page 97
Relationship with Field-aligned Currents......Page 101
Plasma Precipitation Characteristics......Page 104
Implication for Sources of Field-aligned Currents......Page 106
Summary......Page 107
Reference......Page 108
INTRODUCTION......Page 110
OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS......Page 111
DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY......Page 118
REFERENCES......Page 120
1.0 INTRODUCTION......Page 122
3.0 OBSERVATIONS......Page 123
4.0 DISCUSSION......Page 127
REFERENCES......Page 128
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 130
2.1. 0325 UT Event......Page 131
2.2. 0420 UT Event......Page 132
2.3. Current Disruption at AMPTE/CCE......Page 133
3. DISCUSSION......Page 134
REFERENCES......Page 135
2. PLASMA HEATING......Page 137
3. FAST ION BULK FLOW......Page 138
REFERENCES......Page 140
The 'Standard' Substorm Model......Page 142
Expansion Phase......Page 143
Intense Cross-Tail Currents in the Late Growth Phase......Page 145
Sources of the Cross-Tail Current......Page 146
Current Diversion Within the Near-Tail......Page 147
Formation and Development of the Current Wedge......Page 149
Time-dependent Field Modeling......Page 151
Summary and Conclusions......Page 153
References......Page 154
II. LONGITUDINAL STRUCTURE......Page 156
III. EXTENSION TO THE TAIL:SEPARATRIX-DISTORTION HYPOTHESIS......Page 158
IV. INTERPRETATION OF TAIL OBSERVATIONS IN TERMSOF SEPARATRIX DISTORTION......Page 159
REFERENCES......Page 163
INTRODUCTION......Page 166
RESULTS......Page 167
REFERENCES......Page 170
1. Introduction......Page 172
2. Numerical Procedure, Initialand Boundary Conditions......Page 173
3. Plasmoid Formation and Evolution......Page 174
4. Dipolarization and Substorm Current Wedge......Page 176
5. Near-Earth Signatures......Page 177
7. Summary and Discussion......Page 181
References......Page 183
Introduction......Page 186
Current Closure/Stress Balance......Page 188
Particle Behaviour......Page 189
Growth, Triggering and Expansion......Page 190
Magnetospheric Control of Tail Processes......Page 192
Summary......Page 193
References......Page 194
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 196
2. SUBSTORMS AT THE GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT......Page 197
3. BALLOONING INSTABILITY: EXPERIMENTALEVIDENCE......Page 201
4. BALLOONING INSTABILITY: THEORETICALFRAMEWORK......Page 204
5.1. Consequences of the ballooning instability......Page 205
5.2. Comparison with other observations......Page 206
REFERENCES......Page 208
1. Introduction......Page 210
a Reconnection-Associated Plasma Sheet......Page 211
b Viscously Driven Plasma Sheet......Page 214
3. Observations......Page 215
References......Page 217
Thee-Dimensional Particle Code......Page 219
Violation of Adiabatic Invariants......Page 220
Storm-Time Injection of Energetic Particles......Page 221
Energetic Ion Boundary......Page 223
References......Page 225
Observations......Page 226
Expansion Onset of November 17, 1989......Page 227
Expansion Onset of February 23, 1990......Page 228
Discussion......Page 230
References......Page 231
INTRODUCTION......Page 232
GROWTH PHASE......Page 234
ONSET......Page 239
SUMMARY......Page 244
REFERENCES......Page 245
INTRODUCTION......Page 247
OBSERVATIONS......Page 248
KEOGRAMS AND LATITUDINAL MOTIONS......Page 257
MAPPING RESULTS......Page 259
DISCUSSION......Page 261
REFERENCES......Page 263
Injection and Transport of Magnetosheath Plasma in the Polar Cusp......Page 266
Upflowing Ions on the Dayside......Page 268
Particle Accleration Due to the Parallel Electric Field......Page 269
References......Page 272
1. Introduction......Page 274
3.1. Ground Observations......Page 275
3.2. Satellite Observations......Page 277
4. Discussion......Page 280
5. Conclusion......Page 281
References......Page 282
1. BACKGROUND......Page 284
2. THE CREATION OF AURORAL ARCS......Page 285
3. AURORAS DURING SUBSTORMS......Page 286
4. THEORETICAL DIGRESSION......Page 287
5. RESPONSE OF A PLASMA TO AN INDUCTIVE ELECTRIC FIELD......Page 288
6. STATIC AND INDUCED ELECTRIC FIELDS ?THE AGENTS FOR PARTICLE ENERGIZATION......Page 289
8. TAILWARD RETREAT OF A PLASMOID AND ITS FOOTPRINT IN THE POLAR CAP......Page 290
9. CONCLUSIONS......Page 292
REFERENCES......Page 293
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 294
2. MODEL DESCRIPTION......Page 295
5. A TRANSPOLAR ARC EVENT......Page 297
6. TRANSPOLAR ARC ELECTRIC FIELDS ANDFIELD-ALIGNED CURRENTS......Page 298
7. INFLUENCE OF LARGE-SCALE NBZ CURRENTS......Page 300
8. DISCUSSION......Page 301
9. SUMMARY AND CONSLUSIONS......Page 306
REFERENCES......Page 307
INTRODUCTION......Page 309
DATA......Page 310
OBSERVATIONS......Page 311
DISCUSSION......Page 313
SUMMARY......Page 317
REFERENCES......Page 318
INTRODUCTION......Page 319
OBSERVATIONS......Page 320
MAPPING......Page 323
DISCUSSION......Page 324
REFERENCES......Page 326
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 328
3. OBSERVATIONS......Page 329
b. Scale length of the ion pressure gradient......Page 332
5. DISCUSSION......Page 333
REFERENCES......Page 335
INTRODUCTION......Page 337
DAYSIDE ACTIVITY AND THE SOURCE OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER EMF......Page 338
SOLAR WIND PLASMA ACCESS TO THE LLBL AND THE PLASMA SHEET......Page 342
THE LLBL AND ITS COUPLING TO SUBSTORMS......Page 346
REFERENCES......Page 353
INTRODUCTION......Page 356
Convection Patterns for Northward and Southward IMF......Page 358
Improved Quantitative Parameterization......Page 359
Dynamic Modelling......Page 361
Substorm-Related Convection......Page 363
Other EISCAT-Inspired Results......Page 364
REFERENCES......Page 365
COMPARISON OF POLAR OCCURRENCE MAP FOR POLARHISS WITH AURORAL ZONE......Page 367
POLAR DISTRIBUTION OF POLAR HISS IN GEOMAGNETIC QUIET CONDITIONS......Page 372
WHISTLER?MODE CHERENKOV RADIATION GENERATED FROM INVERTED?V ELECTRON AS ORIGIN OF POLAR HISS......Page 373
REFERENCES......Page 377
THE MAGNETIC STORM OF JAN. 9-10, 1983......Page 379
THE QUASI-PERMANENT STORM ELECTROJET......Page 380
THE SUBSTORM ELECTROJETS......Page 381
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 385
REFERENCES......Page 387
Data......Page 388
August 27, 1984......Page 389
March 13, 1986......Page 390
January 21, 1986......Page 391
December 25, 1985......Page 392
Discussion......Page 393
References......Page 397
SUB STORM ELECTRODYNAMICS......Page 399
References......Page 402
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 403
2. SIMULATION MODEL......Page 404
3. CONDITIONS FOR COMPRESSION AND TEARING......Page 405
4.1. Tearing as a Function of Ey......Page 406
4.2. Tearing as a Function of the Normal Magnetic Field......Page 409
5. SUMMARY......Page 411
REFERENCES......Page 413
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 414
2. SIMULATION MODEL......Page 415
4.1 The Beam Region......Page 417
4.2 Induced Wave Emissions......Page 419
4.3 The Return-Current Region......Page 420
6. SUMMARY......Page 423
REFERENCES......Page 424
Introduction......Page 426
Linear Prediction Filters......Page 427
Dripping Faucet Analogue Model of Geomagnetic Activity......Page 428
Phase Space Reconstruction......Page 429
Flux Estimate......Page 430
Plasma Sheet Oscillations......Page 431
The Loading- Unloading Response......Page 432
The regular dripping mode at low loading rates......Page 433
Geomagnetic Activity Prediction......Page 434
References......Page 435
SELF-ORGANIZATION IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS......Page 437
NONLINEAR TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS......Page 438
DATA ANALYSIS......Page 439
DISCUSSION......Page 441
REFERENCES......Page 443
INTRODUCTION......Page 444
TEST PARTICLE MODEL......Page 445
RESULTS OF SIMULATIONS......Page 448
REFERENCES......Page 451