Magnetic Storms

Title Page
......Page 5
Copyright
......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 9
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 11
3. SOLAR-INTERPLANETARY COUPLING......Page 12
4. INTERPLANETARY-MAGNETOSPHERIC COUPLING......Page 14
5. STORM DYNAMICS/RING CURRENT......Page 16
6. RING CURRENT FORMATION PROCESSES......Page 17
7. STORM-SUBSTORM RELATIONSHIPS......Page 20
8. IONOSPHERIC-THERMOSPHERIC STORMS......Page 21
9. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND STORM FORECASTING......Page 23
10. SYSTEM EFFECTS - WHAT DO USERS WANT?......Page 24
Appendix: Explanation ofK and A indices......Page 25
11. SUMMARY......Page 26
REFERENCES......Page 27
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 30
2.1. Ha Flares and Ejecta......Page 32
2.2. Radio Manifestation of Flare Ejecta......Page 33
2.3. Coronal Mass Ejections CMEs and Eruptive Flares......Page 34
3. INTERMITTENT EXPANSION AND RESTRUCTURING OF THE CORONA - NEW OBSERVATIONS FROM YOHKOH......Page 35
3.1. Large-Scale Arcade Formation......Page 36
3.3. Compact Flares with Erupting Signatures......Page 37
3.4. Soft X-ray Jets and Microflares......Page 39
4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 40
REFERENCES......Page 41
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 44
3. THE Yohkoh SOFT X-RAY OBSERVATIONS......Page 45
4. SXT OBSERVATION OF SOLAR MASS LOSS......Page 46
5. THE "DIMMING" SIGNATURE......Page 47
6. TIMING AND CAUSALITY......Page 48
7. CONCLUSIONS......Page 50
REFERENCES......Page 51
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 54
2.1. Initial Structures and Eruption......Page 55
2.2. Forces on a Flux Rope......Page 56
2.3. Initial Flux Rope......Page 57
2.4. A Driven Eruption Mechanism......Page 58
3. HELIOSPHERIC CONSEQUENCES OF FLUX ROPE ERUPTIONS......Page 60
4. TERRESTRIAL CONSEQUENCES......Page 62
5. DISCUSSION......Page 63
REFERENCES......Page 64
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 68
2.1. Corotating Structures......Page 69
2.2. Non-recurrent Disturbances/CMEs/ICMEs......Page 70
3.1. Coronal Emission-line and X-ray techniques......Page 72
3.2. Intensity Interplanetary Scintillation......Page 73
3.4. Thomson Scattering......Page 74
4. RECENT RESULTS......Page 76
4.1. Slow Solar Wind from Active Regions......Page 77
4.2. CME three-dimensional geometry......Page 79
4.3. CME masses, energies and solar cycle dependence......Page 80
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 81
REFERENCES......Page 82
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 86
1.1. Solar Maximum......Page 87
1.3. Magnetic Storms Caused by Sheath Fields......Page 88
1.4. Viscous Interaction......Page 90
1.5. Descending Phase of the Solar Cycle......Page 91
MAXIMUM GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY DURING SOLAR MAXIMUM OR MINIMUM?......Page 93
REFERENCES......Page 95
2. MAGNETIC CLOUDS AND GEOMAGNETIC STORMS: PART I......Page 99
3. THE STATIC FLUX ROPE MODEL OF MAGNETIC CLOUDS......Page 100
5. TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF MAGNETIC CLOUDS......Page 101
6. THE BOUNDARIES OF MAGNETIC CLOUDS......Page 102
7. MAGNETIC FIELD LINE DRAPING AROUND, AND MAGNETIC BARRIERS AHEAD OF, MAGNETIC CLOUDS......Page 103
9. EFFECTS ON THE MAGNETOSHEATH......Page 105
11. EFFECTS ON THE IONOSPHERE......Page 106
12. EFFECTS ON THE NIGHTSIDE MAGNETOSPHERE AT AND BEYOND GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT......Page 107
13. MAGNETIC CLOUDS AND GEOMAGNETIC STORMS: PART II......Page 109
REFERENCES......Page 111
INTRODUCTION......Page 115
STORM OBSERVATIONS......Page 116
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STORM TIME 0 + DOMINANCE......Page 120
REFERENCES......Page 122
INTRODUCTION......Page 125
ISEE 3 OBSERVATIONS DURING DISTURBED INTERVALS......Page 126
GEOTAIL OBSERVATIONS......Page 128
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 135
REFERENCES......Page 137
INTRODUCTION......Page 139
MEASURING THE STRENGTH OF A STORM WITH THE DST INDEX......Page 140
THE SUBSTORM INJECTION HYPOTHESIS......Page 142
SOLAR WIND CONTROL OF THE DST INDEX......Page 144
CHANGES IN DST AT SUBSTORM ONSET......Page 145
Do LINEAR PREDICTION MODELS SUPPORT THE SUBSTORM INJECTION HYPOTHESIS?......Page 146
DISCUSSION......Page 149
CONCLUSIONS......Page 153
REFERENCES......Page 154
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 156
2. CONCEPTS OF HOW SUBSTORMS MIGHT INFLUENCE THE GROWTH OF THE STORM TIME RING CURRENT......Page 158
3. RESPONSE OF THE RING CURRENT INDEX DST TO EQUATORWARD MOVEMENT OF THE OVAL......Page 159
4. THE PHYSICS OF RING CURRENT DEVELOPMENT......Page 163
5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 165
REFERENCES......Page 166
1. INTRODUCTORY COMMENTS......Page 168
2. TYPES OF THEORETICAL MODELS......Page 169
Description of the Magnetospheric Specification and Forecast Model......Page 171
Event Simulation......Page 172
REFERENCES......Page 178
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 180
2. FORMATION OF STORMTIME RING CURRENT......Page 181
3. RING CURRENT DECAY......Page 188
4. UNRESOLVED PROBLEMS......Page 189
REFERENCES......Page 191
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 194
2. THE NOVEMBER 2-6, 1993 STORM AND RING CURRENT SIMULATION......Page 196
3. IMPROVED GLOBAL ION CYCLOTRON WAVE MODEL......Page 198
4. RING CURRENT SIMULATION INCLUDING WAVE SCATTERING......Page 202
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 207
REFERENCE......Page 208
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 210
3. MAGNETOSPHERIC ENERGY SOURCES......Page 211
5. GLOBAL THERMOSPHERIC WIND RESPONSE......Page 214
6. THERMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION RESPONSE......Page 219
7. MODELLED IONOSPHERIC RESPONSE......Page 221
8. ZONAL MEAN RESPONSE......Page 224
9. DYNAMO EFFECTS OF DISTURBANCE WINDS......Page 226
10. LOW LATITUDE ELECTRODYNAMICS......Page 228
11. MIDDLE AND LOWER ATMOSPHERE RESPONSE......Page 229
REFERENCES......Page 230
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 233
2. DISTURBANCE EFFECTS AT POLAR LATITUDES......Page 234
3.1. Traveling atmospheric disturbances......Page 237
3.2. Large-scale storm circulation......Page 238
3.3. Systematic variations of composition perturbations......Page 239
4-1. Short-duration positive storms......Page 240
4 - 2 . Long-duration positive storms......Page 241
5. UNSOLVED PROBLEMS......Page 242
REFERENCES......Page 245
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 248
2. AI-METHODS......Page 249
3. FOUR NEURAL NETWORK PARADIGMS......Page 251
4. PREDICTION OF GEOMAGNETIC STORMS......Page 252
REFERENCES......Page 255
INTRODUCTION......Page 258
Autoregressive  AR Linear Prediction Filters......Page 259
Prediction Efficiency, Skill Score, and Correlation......Page 261
Cross Validation......Page 262
NONLINEAR ARMA FILTERS AND STATE SPACE RECONSTRUCTION?LOCAL LINEAR PREDICTION......Page 263
Background: Existing Operations and Models......Page 267
Linear ARMA Prediction of Ap from the Output of the Wang and Sheeley Current Sheet Model......Page 268
Discussion of the Combined Techniques......Page 269
REFERENCES......Page 270