Magnetic Reconnection in Space and Laboratory Plasmas

Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Historical Note......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 11
2. The Kelvin-Helmholtz Theorem......Page 12
3. The 'Frozen Field' Theorem......Page 13
4. The Kelvin-Helmholtz Theorem in a Collisionless Plasma......Page 14
5. Solutionsto Problems Involving Reconnection......Page 15
6. Configurational Instability......Page 17
References......Page 18
1. Introduction......Page 20
3.1 Laminar Vlasov Theory......Page 23
3. 3.    DestabiLization by Fluctuations......Page 25
4. Further Results......Page 26
6. Summary and Discussion......Page 27
References......Page 28
Questionsa nd Answers......Page 30
Formulation......Page 31
Growth Rates......Page 32
Mode Structures......Page 33
References......Page 34
Introduction......Page 36
The Electric Field Along the Separator......Page 37
Representations of the Merging Geometry......Page 38
Global Magnetic Merging Configurations......Page 40
References......Page 41
Introduction......Page 43
References......Page 48
Questions and Answers......Page 49
Introduction......Page 50
Conclusions......Page 52
References......Page 54
I. Neutral Current Sheet and Tearing Instability......Page 56
2. Mean Parallel Electric Field 3. Parallel Friction from Density Fluctuations......Page 59
References......Page 61
Single Ion Motion......Page 62
Equations of Motion......Page 63
Ion Tearing Mode......Page 64
Ion Motion in a Thinning or Expanding Plasma Sheet......Page 66
Summary......Page 69
References......Page 70
References......Page 72
Questions and Answers......Page 73
Questions and Answers......Page 74
2.1 Reconnection May Be Initiated in Different Ways......Page 75
2.2 Nonlinear Development of Tearing......Page 76
2.4 Regimes of Fast Reconnection......Page 77
3. Quiescent Solar prominences......Page 78
4. Coronal .leating......Page 79
4.1 Wave Heating 쐀昀 㰀 䰀⼀嘀䄀......Page 80
4.2 Tearing Turbulence in Slowly Evolving Fields{τf  䰀⼀嘀䄀......Page 81
5.1 Observations......Page 82
5.3 Large Two-Ribbon Flares......Page 83
6. Conclusion......Page 87
References......Page 88
Questions and Answers......Page 90
The General Comet/Solar-Wind Interaction......Page 91
Disconnection Events DE's......Page 92
Post-DE "Arcades" in the New Plasma Tail......Page 93
A Reconnection Model......Page 94
Examination of the Dayside Reconnection Process......Page 95
High-Speed Stream/Flute Instability Model......Page 96
Present Limitations and Prospects for the Future......Page 97
References......Page 99
Questionsa nd Answers......Page 100
Questions and Answers......Page 102
References......Page 103
2. Basic Morphology and Dynamics......Page 104
Structure......Page 107
Motion in de Hoffmann-Teller Frame......Page 109
Particle Energization......Page 111
5. Nonsteady Localized Reconnection......Page 112
References......Page 114
Introduction......Page 116
Effects of the y-Component of the IMF......Page 117
Effects of the z-Component of the IMF......Page 118
Magnetospheric Convection for Northward IMF......Page 119
Evidence from Particle Distributions......Page 121
References......Page 122
Questions and Answers......Page 125
Momentum Balance......Page 126
Energy Balance......Page 128
Magnetic Field Topology......Page 129
Occurence......Page 130
Overview......Page 131
Entry Processes......Page 132
Summary......Page 133
References......Page 134
Questions and Answers......Page 135
Early History......Page 136
Thickness of the Magnetopause Current Layer......Page 138
The Polarization of the Rotationin the Current Layer......Page 141
Flux Transfer Events......Page 142
Discussion and Conclusions......Page 145
References......Page 148
Questions and Answers......Page 150
Observations and Results.......Page 151
Quasi-steady Reconnection and FTEs.......Page 154
Conclusions and Some Remaining Questions.......Page 155
Questions and Answers......Page 156
Introduction......Page 157
Magnetosheath FTE Observations......Page 158
Field and Flow Perturbations......Page 159
Boundary Layer FTE Observations......Page 160
Interpretation and Discussion......Page 161
References......Page 163
Questionsa nd Answers......Page 164
THE RELATION OF FLUX TRANSFER EVENTS TO MAGNETIC RECONNECTION......Page 165
Questions and Answers......Page 166
FLUX TRANSFER EVENTS AND INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC FIELD CONDITIONS......Page 167
References......Page 168
SURVEY OF ION DISTRIBUTIONS IN FLUX TRANSFER EVENTS......Page 169
Questions and Answers......Page 170
PATTERNS OF MAGNETIC FIELD MERGING SITES ON THE MAGNETOPAUSE......Page 171
Questions and Answers......Page 172
ISEE-3 PLASMA MEASUREMENTS IN THE LOBES OF THE DISTANT GEOMAGNETIC TAIL:INFERENCES CONCERNING RECONNECTION AT THE DAYSIDE MAGNETOPAUSE......Page 173
The Reason Why We Believe That ReconnectionOccurs in the Near-Earth Magnetotail......Page 175
Probable Reasons Why Signatureso f ReconnectionWere Not Evident in Some Earlier Analyses......Page 177
ii Local Time Extent of the Reconnection Region......Page 181
iv Mechanism of the Plasma Supply......Page 182
Questions and Answers......Page 183
Introduction......Page 184
The Average Magnetotail......Page 185
Tail Energy storage......Page 187
Thin Plasma Sheets......Page 189
Summary and Conclusions......Page 191
References......Page 192
Questions and Answers......Page 193
Auroral and Magnetic Substorms......Page 194
The Reconnection Model of Substorms......Page 195
ISEE 3 Observationosf Plasmoids 220 RE from Earth......Page 196
Conclusions......Page 199
Questions and Answers......Page 200
Introduction......Page 201
Energetic Electron Streaming Events......Page 202
Statistical Results......Page 203
Heated-Electron Events......Page 205
References......Page 207
Questions and Answers......Page 208
Introduction......Page 209
Loading the Magnetospheric System......Page 210
Unloading the Magnetospheric System......Page 212
References......Page 217
Questions and Answers......Page 218
Data Presentation......Page 219
Summary and Conclusions......Page 222
References......Page 223
Instrumentation and Methodology......Page 224
Examples of Event Types......Page 225
Statistics......Page 229
Conclusions......Page 230
Questions and Answers......Page 231
Introduction......Page 232
The High Energy Component of the Plasma Sheet......Page 233
Energetic Particle Bursts Within the Plasma Sheet......Page 235
Energetic Particle Phenomena Near the Plasma Sheet Boundary......Page 237
Recent !SEE-3 Results in the Distant Tail......Page 239
Theory of Energetic Particle Acceleration in the Magnetotail......Page 240
References......Page 242
2. Particle Acceleration in the Geomagnetic Tail......Page 244
3. Particle Acceleration in 1-D Current Sheets......Page 245
4. The Cowley-Southwood Model......Page 247
5. Structure of the Accelerated Plasma Populations......Page 249
6. Distant Tail Observationsb y Pioneers 7 and 8 and ISEE-3......Page 251
7. Summary......Page 252
References......Page 253
Questions and Answers......Page 254
Introduction......Page 256
Systematic Variations with Distance......Page 257
Transient Events......Page 259
Questions and Answers......Page 264
Introduction......Page 265
Magnetospheric Boundary Layer......Page 266
Plasma-sheet Boundary Layer......Page 269
Possible. Reconnection Signatures near the Frontside Magnetospheric Boundary......Page 270
Spatial and Temporal Variations......Page 272
Evidence for Reconnection in the Earth's Magnetotail......Page 273
Importance of the Boundary Layer Regions......Page 274
Transport Regions of the Earth's Magnetosphere......Page 275
References......Page 276
Questions and Answers......Page 277
References......Page 279
The Model, Initial and Boundary Conditions......Page 280
The Time-Dependent Evolution......Page 281
Energy Flux and Current Patterns......Page 284
References......Page 286
Questions and Answers......Page 287
I. Introduction......Page 288
II. Simulation Model......Page 289
Plasma Flow and Slow Shock Formation......Page 291
Tail CurrentI nterruptiona ndF ield AlignedC urrents......Page 293
IV. Discussion......Page 294
Questions and Answers......Page 296
I. Introduction......Page 298
III. Magnetic Reconnection......Page 299
IV. Energetics......Page 302
V. Application to Solar Flares......Page 304
VI. Discussion......Page 305
References......Page 306
Questions and Answers......Page 307
Formulation......Page 308
Numerical Results......Page 309
References......Page 311
Quasi-Static Convection......Page 312
Results......Page 314
Summary......Page 316
References......Page 318
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE DAYSIDE RECONNECTION......Page 319
Questions and Answers......Page 320
References......Page 321
II. Reconnection At The e-Pinch Ends......Page 322
IV. Summary and Conclusions......Page 328
Questions and Answers......Page 329
2. Apparatus and Measurements......Page 330
3. Experimental Results......Page 331
4.1 Radial Diffusion Balanced by Axial Flow on Perpendicular Field Lines......Page 333
5. Plasma Resistivity......Page 334
Questions and Answers......Page 335
Formation......Page 336
Resistive Decay and Sustainment......Page 341
Stability......Page 342
Conclusion......Page 344
References......Page 347
Questions and Answers......Page 348
3.1 Formationb y Reconnection of Large Amplitude Helical Disturbances......Page 349
3.2 The Taylor Relaxation Model......Page 350
3.3 Toroidal Flux Generation......Page 351
4.1 Predictions of a Simple Symmetric Ohm's Law Model......Page 352
4.2 The Mean Field Theory for a Turbulent Dynamo......Page 353
4.4 Models With Islands and/or Stochasticity of the Magnetic Field Lines......Page 354
5. Conclusion......Page 355
References......Page 356
Questions and Answers......Page 357
III. Diagnostics for Magnetic Structures in Tokamaks......Page 358
IV. Instabilities and Reconnection in Tokamaks......Page 360
References......Page 363
Introduction......Page 364
An Updated Version of the Reconnection Substorm Model......Page 365
Time-Dependent Reconnection in the Laboratory......Page 367
Conclusions......Page 369
References......Page 370
Questions and Answers......Page 371
References......Page 372
Questions and Answers......Page 373
References......Page 374
SOME COMMENTS ON SOLAR RECONNECTION PROBLEMS......Page 375
References......Page 377
DRIVEN AND NON-DRIVEN RECONNECTION; BOUNDARY CONDITIONS......Page 378
Reference......Page 379
COMMENTS ON NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS......Page 380
Reference......Page 382
References......Page 383
ASTROPHYSICAL IMPLICATIONS OF RECONNECTION......Page 384
VALIDITY OF THE PETSCHEK MODEL......Page 387
References......Page 389
Conditions of the August 4, 1972 Solar Flare......Page 390
The Stabilized Pinch or Laboratory Simulation......Page 391
References......Page 392
EVIDENCE FOR THE OCCURRENCE AND IMPORTANCE OF RECONNECTION BETWEEN THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD AND THE INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC FIELD......Page 393
References......Page 395
NOW CONSIDER DIFFUSION......Page 397
SUBSTORM AND SOURCES OF DISCOMFORT......Page 398
References......Page 402
THE LAST WORDS......Page 403