Magnetic Quantum Dots for Bioimaging

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Editors
Contributors
1 Introduction to Magnetic Quantum Dots
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Types of Imaging Probes
	1.3 Nanoparticles and Their Types
	1.4 Quantum Dots
	1.5 Magnetic Quantum Dots
	1.6 Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs)
	1.7 Limitations of MNPs and Quantum Dots in Bioimaging
	1.8 Types of MQDs
	1.9 Fundamental Properties of MQDs
	1.10 Criteria for the Preparation of Magnetic Quantum Dots
	1.11 Synthesis of Magnetic Quantum Dots
	1.12 Characterization of Magnetic Quantum Dots
	1.13 Application of Magnetic Quantum Dots
	1.14 Toxicity Concern for Magnetic Quantum Dots
	1.15 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
2 Synthesis Approaches of Magnetic Quantum Dots
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Synthesis Methods of MQDs
		2.2.1 Heterocrystalline Growth
		2.2.2 Encapsulation and Assembly Method
			2.2.2.1 MQDs Embedded in Silica Matrix
			2.2.2.2 MQDs Embedded in Polymer Beads or Micelles
		2.2.3 Doping of Paramagnetic Transition Metal Ions or Iron Ions Into QDs
		2.2.4 Miscellaneous Methods for MQD Synthesis
	2.3 Conclusions and Future Outlook
	References
3 Optical Properties of Magnetic Quantum Dots
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Theoretical Background
		3.2.1 Mn Doping in II-VI QDs
		3.2.2 Mn Doping in III-V QDs
	3.3 Optical Properties of Magnetic Quantum Dots
		3.3.1 Oscillator Strength
		3.3.2 Refractive Index
		3.3.3 Absorption Coefficient
	3.4 Tailoring of Optical Properties for Biological Applications
		3.4.1 Multimodal Imaging
		3.4.2 Molecular Detection and Separation
		3.4.3 Theranostics
	3.5 Toxicity
	3.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
4 Characterization Techniques of Magnetic Quantum Dots
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Tools and Techniques for Characterization
		4.2.1 Scattering Analysis
		4.2.2 X-Ray Characterization
			4.2.2.1 Rietveld Refinement
		4.2.3 Spectroscopic Analysis
			4.2.3.1 UV-Visible Spectroscopy
			4.2.3.2 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy
			4.2.3.3 Optical Analysis Using Derivative Spectroscopy
		4.2.4 Microscopic Techniques for Nanostructure Characterization
			4.2.4.1 FESEM Analysis
			4.2.4.2 HRTEM Analysis
		4.2.5 Magnetic Characterization
			4.2.5.1 VSM Analysis
			4.2.5.2 Deep Insight Into Magnetic Results Using Derivative Spectroscopy
		4.2.6 FT-IR Analysis
	4.3 Key Notes
	4.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
5 History and Techniques of Bioimaging
	5.1 Evolution of Imaging: Brief Introduction
	5.2 Bioimaging: Definition
	5.3 Bioimaging: Initial Developments
		5.3.1 Bioimaging Modalities: An Overview
			5.3.1.1 X-Ray Radiography
		5.3.1.2 Computed Tomography
		5.3.1.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
		5.3.1.4 Ultrasonography
		5.3.1.5 Positron Emission Tomography
		5.3.1.6 Single-Photon Emission Computerized Tomography
	5.4 Advancements in Bioimaging: Molecular and Cellular Imaging
	5.5 Evolution of Molecular Probes and Quantum Dots in Bioimaging
		5.5.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents
		5.5.2 CT Contrast Agents
		5.5.3 Positron Emission Tomography and Single-Photon Emitted Tomography
		5.5.4 Optical Imaging: Fluorescence Microscopy and Quantum Dots
	5.6 Conclusion
	References
6 Fluorescent Magnetic Quantum Dots in Bioimaging
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Synthesis of Fluorescent Magnetic Quantum Dots
		6.2.1 High-Temperature Decomposition
		6.2.2 Doping
		6.2.3 Crosslinking
		6.2.4 Encapsulation
	6.3 Types of Magnetic Quantum Dots
		6.3.1 Core/Shell and Heterostructures (Type I)
		6.3.2 Doped QDs (Type II)
		6.3.3 Composite Particles Containing Semiconducting Nanoparticles and MNPs (Type III)
		6.3.4 QDs With a Paramagnetic Coating of Gd-Chelates (Type IV)
	6.4 Applications of Fluorescent-Magnetic Nanoparticles
		6.4.1 Multimodal Imaging
		6.4.2 Detection and Separation
		6.4.3 Theranostics
		6.4.4 Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting (MACS)
	6.5 Conclusion
	References
7 Magnetic Quantum Dots for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Biomedical Applications
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Different Types of MQDs
	7.3 MNP/QDs Heterostructures for MRI
	7.4 Doped QDs for MRI
	7.5 QDs With Porous Material Nanoparticles for MRI
	7.6 Gd Chelates Conjugated QD for MRI
	7.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
8 A Siege Cancer Phototherapies By Magnetic Quantum Dots: An Overview, Challenges, and Recent Advancements
	8.1 Cancer Phototherapies
	8.2 Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) in Cancer Treatments
		8.2.1 Mechanism
		8.2.2 Limitations of PDT
			8.2.2.1 Inherent Photosensitizers
			8.2.2.2 Tissue Oxygen
			8.2.2.3 Density of Light
		8.2.3 Solution to the Drawbacks of PDT
	8.3 Photothermal Therapy (PTT) in Cancer Treatments
		8.3.1 Mechanism
		8.3.2 Limitations of PTT
			8.3.2.1 Thermal Damage to Normal Tissue
			8.3.2.2 Insufficient Photothermal Effect
		8.3.3 Solution to the Drawbacks of PTT
	8.4 Recent Advancements of Magnetic Quantum Dots in Cancer Phototherapies
		8.4.1 Metallic M-QDs
			8.4.1.1 Iron Oxide M-QDs
			8.4.1.2 Gold M-QDs
			8.4.1.3 Silver M-QDs
			8.4.1.4 Manganese M-QDs
			8.4.1.5 Molybdenum M-QDs
			8.4.1.6 Zinc M-QDs
		8.4.2 Metallic Semi-Conductor Quantum Dots (MSCQDs)
		8.4.3 Carbon-Based M-QDs
			8.4.3.1 Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs)
			8.4.3.2 Carbon Dots (C-DOTs)
		8.4.4 Hybrid M-QDs
	8.5 Clinical Interference of Phototherapies
	References
9 Magnetic Quantum Dots for In-Vitro Imaging
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Synthesis of Magnetic Quantum Dots
	9.3 Magnetic Quantum Dots for In-Vitro Imaging
	9.4 Challenges and Future Perspective
	9.5 Conclusion
	References
10 Magnetic Quantum Dots for In-Vivo Imaging
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Photo Physical Properties of Quantum Dots
	10.3 Advantages of QDs in Bioimaging
	10.4 Synthetic Methods of Magnetic Quantum Dots
		10.4.1 Synthesis of MQDs By Hetero-Crystalline Growth
		10.4.2 Synthesis of MQDs By Doping
		10.4.3 Synthesis of MQDs By Cross-Linking
		10.4.4 Synthesis of MQDs By the Encapsulation Method
	10.5 Nanoprobes for Multimodal Imaging Using Fluorescent and Magnetic Quantum Dots
	10.6 Applications of MQDs in In-Vivo Imaging
	10.7 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
11 Carbon Quantum Dots-Based Magnetic Nanoparticles for Bioimaging
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Synthesis Procedures of Magnetic Quantum Dots
	11.3 Magnetic QDs for Imaging Applications
	11.4 Supported Matrix Magnetic QDs for Imaging Applications
	11.5 Summary and Future Perspectives
	References
12 Cytotoxicity of the Magnetic Quantum Dots
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Different Polymers and Their Biocompatibility
	12.3 In-Vitro Cytotoxicity of QD-Polymer Composites
	12.4 In-Vivo Cytotoxicity of QDs: Polymer Nanocomposites
	12.5 Biocompatibility and Conjugation of QD-Polymer Nanocomposites
	12.6 Summary
	References
13 Challenges and Future Prospects of Magnetic Quantum Dots
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Versatility and Applications
	13.3 Magnetic Resonance-Based Bioimaging
	13.4 Today’s Market of QDs and Associated Compounds
	13.5 Bioassay Commercialization: Issues and Solutions
	13.6 QDs’ Market in Microfluidics
	13.7 One Stage Further: In the Direction of Creative Methods
	13.8 Potential Future Vista
	13.9 Lingering Issues, Difficulties, and Unsettled Debates
	13.10 Summary
	References
Index