Magnesium and Its Alloys as Implant Materials-Corrosion, Mechanical and Biological Performances

Contents
List of Abbreviations ……………………………………………………………………………. ix
Authors…………………………………………………………………………………………….. xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………….. 1
1.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………1
References……………………………………………………………………………4
Chapter 2 Challenges and Common Strategies ……………………………………….. 9
2.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………9
2.2 Corrosion Mitigation Strategies……………………………………….9
2.2.1 Impurities Removal………………………………………….. 10
2.2.2 Alloying …………………………………………………………. 11
2.2.3 Grain Size Modification……………………………………. 11
2.3 Mechanical Properties Tuning ………………………………………. 14
2.3.1 Grain Refinement ……………………………………………. 15
2.3.2 Solid Solution Strengthening …………………………….. 16
2.3.3 Precipitation Hardening……………………………………. 16
2.4 Interplay among Mechanical Properties, Corrosion
Resistance and Biocompatibility……………………………………. 17
References…………………………………………………………………………. 17
Chapter 3 Synopsis of Properties of Biocompatible Mg and Its Alloys……… 21
3.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………. 21
3.2 High-Pure Magnesium…………………………………………………. 21
3.2.1 High-Pure Magnesium: Mechanical Properties…….. 21
3.2.2 High-Pure Magnesium: Corrosion Resistance………. 23
3.2.3 High-Pure Magnesium: Biocompatibility…………….. 24
3.3 Aluminum-Based Alloys ………………………………………………. 26
3.3.1 AZ Alloys ………………………………………………………. 28
3.3.1.1 AZ Alloys: Mechanical Properties …………. 28
3.3.1.2 AZ Alloys: Corrosion Resistance …………… 30
3.3.1.3 AZ Alloys: Biocompatibility …………………. 33
3.3.2 AM Alloys ……………………………………………………… 33
3.3.2.1 AM Alloys: Mechanical Properties ………… 35
3.3.2.2 AM Alloys: Corrosion Resistance ………….. 36
3.3.2.3 AM Alloys: Biocompatibility ………………… 39
3.3.3 Mg–Al–RE Alloys …………………………………………… 39
3.3.3.1 Mg–Al–RE Alloys: Mechanical
Properties …………………………………………… 40
3.3.3.2 Mg–Al–RE Alloys: Corrosion
Resistance ………………………………………….. 42
3.3.3.3 Mg–Al–RE Alloys: Biocompatibility ……… 44
3.4 Mg–Zn Alloys…………………………………………………………….. 45
3.4.1 Mg–Zn Binary Alloys ………………………………………. 46
3.4.1.1 Mg–Zn Binary Alloys: Mechanical
Properties …………………………………………… 47
3.4.1.2 Mg–Zn Binary Alloys: Corrosion
Resistance ………………………………………….. 47
3.4.1.3 Mg–Zn Binary Alloys: Biocompatibility …. 49
3.4.2 Mg–Zn–Zr Alloys ……………………………………………. 53
3.4.2.1 Mg–Zn–Zr Alloys: Mechanical
Properties …………………………………………… 53
3.4.2.2 Mg–Zn–Zr Alloys: Corrosion
Resistance ………………………………………….. 54
3.4.2.3 Mg–Zn–Zr Alloys: Biocompatibility ………. 59
3.4.3 Mg–Zn–Ca Alloys …………………………………………… 62
3.4.3.1 Mg–Zn–Ca Alloys: Mechanical
Properties …………………………………………… 63
3.4.3.2 Mg–Zn–Ca Alloys: Corrosion
Resistance ………………………………………….. 66
3.4.3.3 Mg–Zn–Ca Alloys: Biocompatibility ……… 67
3.4.4 Mg–Zn–Ca BMGs…………………………………………… 68
3.4.4.1 Mg–Zn–Ca BMGs: Mechanical
Properties …………………………………………… 70
3.4.4.2 Mg–Zn–Ca BMGs: Corrosion Resistance.. 71
3.4.4.3 Mg–Zn–Ca BMGs: Biocompatibility……… 72
3.4.5 Mg–Zn–Mn Alloys ………………………………………….. 73
3.4.5.1 Mg–Zn–Mn Alloys: Mechanical
Properties …………………………………………… 75
3.4.5.2 Mg–Zn–Mn Alloys: Corrosion
Resistance ………………………………………….. 78
3.4.5.3 Mg–Zn–Mn Alloys: Biocompatibility …….. 82
3.4.6 Mg–Zn–RE Alloys…………………………………………… 83
3.4.6.1 Mg–Zn–RE Alloys: Mechanical
Properties …………………………………………… 86
3.4.6.2 Mg–Zn–RE Alloys: Corrosion
Resistance ………………………………………….. 88
3.4.6.3 Mg–Zn–RE Alloys: Biocompatibility……… 91
3.5 Mg–Ca Alloys…………………………………………………………….. 91
3.5.1 Mg–Ca Alloys: Mechanical Properties………………… 92
3.5.2 Mg–Ca Alloys: Corrosion Resistance …………………. 98
3.5.3 Mg–Ca Alloys: Biocompatibility………………………. 101
3.6 Mg–RE Alloys………………………………………………………….. 102
3.6.1 Mg–RE Alloys: Mechanical Properties ……………… 106
3.6.2 Mg–RE Alloys: Corrosion Resistance……………….. 108
3.6.3 Mg–RE Alloys: Biocompatibility……………………… 112
References……………………………………………………………………….. 116
Chapter 4 Tackling the Challenges ……………………………………………………. 145
4.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………….. 145
4.2 Radar Chart: An Easy Tool to Compare Corrosion,
Mechanical and Biological Performances ……………………… 145
Reference ………………………………………………………………………… 147
Chapter 5 Outlook………………………………………………………………………….. 149
Reference ………………………………………………………………………… 149
Appendix A: Corrosion ……………………………………………………………………….. 151
Appendix B: In Vitro Biocompatibility Assessment ………………………………….. 161
Index……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 165