Machinery's Handbook

Front Matter......Page 1
Preface......Page 3
Acknowledgments......Page 5
Index......Page 0
Additional Only on the CD......Page 6
0 Degrees......Page 11
5 Degrees......Page 16
10 Degrees......Page 21
15 Degrees......Page 26
20 Degrees......Page 31
25 Degrees......Page 36
30 Degrees......Page 41
35 Degrees......Page 46
40 Degrees......Page 51
44 Degrees......Page 55
2.5-inch Sine-Bar......Page 56
3-inch Sine-Bar......Page 63
5-inch Sine-Bar......Page 70
10-inch Sine-Bar......Page 77
75-mm Sine-Bar......Page 84
125-mm Sine-Bar......Page 91
Squares of Numbers from 1 to 999......Page 98
Squares of Mixed Numbers from 1/64 to 6, by 64ths......Page 100
Squares of Mixed Numbers from 6 1/64 to 12, by 64ths......Page 101
Squares and Cubes of Fractions......Page 102
Fractions of Pi......Page 108
From 1 to 50......Page 109
From 51 to 100......Page 110
From 101 to 150......Page 111
From 151 to 200......Page 112
From 201 to 250......Page 113
From 251 to 300......Page 114
From 301 to 350......Page 115
From 351 to 400......Page 116
From 401 to 450......Page 117
From 451 to 500......Page 118
From 501 to 550......Page 119
From 551 to 600......Page 120
From 601 to 650......Page 121
From 651 to 700......Page 122
From 701 to 750......Page 123
From 751 to 800......Page 124
From 801 to 850......Page 125
From 851 to 900......Page 126
From 901 to 950......Page 127
From 951 to 1000......Page 128
From 1001 to 1050......Page 129
From 1051 to 1100......Page 130
From 1101 to 1150......Page 131
From 1151 to 1200......Page 132
From 1201 to 1250......Page 133
From 1251 to 1300......Page 134
From 1301 to 1350......Page 135
From 1351 to 1400......Page 136
From 1401 to 1450......Page 137
From 1451 to 1500......Page 138
From 1501 to 1550......Page 139
From 1551 to 1600......Page 140
From 1601 to 1650......Page 141
From 1651 to 1700......Page 142
From 1701 to 1750......Page 143
From 1751 to 1800......Page 144
From 1801 to 1850......Page 145
From 1851 to 1900......Page 146
From 1901 to 1950......Page 147
From 1951 to 2000......Page 148
Fractions and Whole Numbers......Page 149
Common Fractions......Page 150
Area and Volume of Spheres......Page 152
Circumference and Area of Circles......Page 155
Decimal Equivalents, Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, and Logarithms of Fractions......Page 167
Natural Cement......Page 168
Reinforced Concrete......Page 169
Lutes and Cements......Page 170
Gasket Compositions......Page 171
Elastic Cements......Page 172
Adhesives Bonding......Page 173
Sealants......Page 177
To Produce a Rich Gold Color......Page 179
Niter Process of Bluing Steel......Page 180
Gun Metal Finish......Page 181
To Produce Gray Colors......Page 182
Etching Fluids for Different Metals......Page 183
Etching Ornamental Designs in Metal......Page 184
Mold for Thermit Welding......Page 186
Pre-heating - Making a Weld......Page 187
High- and Low-pressure Torches......Page 188
Symbols for Air Conditioning......Page 189
Symbols for Heating and Ventilation......Page 190
Symbols for Valves......Page 191
Symbols for Piping......Page 192
Symbols for Pipe Fittings......Page 193
Power for Operating Steam Hammers......Page 195
Board Drop-hammers......Page 196
Forging Presses......Page 197
The Cold Swaging Process......Page 198
Efficiency of Forging Hammers......Page 199
Concrete Foundations......Page 201
Machine and Forge Shop Floor Materials......Page 202
Floors for Forge Shops......Page 203
Obtaining Weight of Forging from Lead Proof......Page 204
Cooling the Heated Die......Page 205
Standard Tolerances for Forgings......Page 206
Fluxes for Welding......Page 209
Machine Welding......Page 210
Rules and Formulas for Hydraulic Press Calculations......Page 211
Standard Silent Chain Designation......Page 213
Silent Chain Sprocket Profiles and Chain Widths......Page 214
Sprocket Hub Dimensions......Page 224
Cutting Silent Chain Sprocket Teeth......Page 228
Maximum Ratios for Silent Chain Drives......Page 230
Installation of Silent Chain Drives......Page 231
Horsepower Ratings Per Inch of Chain Width for Silent Chain Drives - 1982......Page 232
Basic Gear Geometry of Spur and Helical Gears......Page 236
Contact Ratios......Page 238
Calculating the Pitting Resistance Geometry Factor, I......Page 239
Bending Strength Geometry Factor, J......Page 240
Pressure Angle at Load Application Point......Page 241
Generating-Rack Shift Coefficient......Page 242
Using the Tables......Page 243
Strength Calculations for Spur and Helical Gears......Page 252
Additional Considerations......Page 253
Relationship of Pitting Resistance and Bending Strength Ratings......Page 254
Pitting Resistance......Page 255
Symbols Used in Gear Rating Equations......Page 256
Contact Load Factor, K......Page 258
Allowable Bending Stress Number......Page 259
Transmitted Tangential Load, Wt......Page 260
Dynamic Factors, Cv and Kd......Page 261
Service Factors, CSF and KSF......Page 263
Load Distribution Factors, Cm and Km......Page 264
Allowable Stress Numbers, Sac and Sat......Page 266
Case Depth of Surface-Hardened Gears......Page 267
Hardness Ratio Factor CH......Page 268
Life Factors CL and KL......Page 269
Temperature Factors CT and KT......Page 270
American Standard Design for Fine-pitch Worm Gearing (ANSI B6.9-1977)......Page 272
Formulas for Proportions of Worms and Wormgears......Page 273
Proportions of Fine-pitch Worms and Wormgears......Page 274
Multi-thread Worms......Page 282
Ratio for Obtaining "Hunting Tooth" Action......Page 284
Addendum and Dedendum......Page 285
Designing Worm Gearing Relative to Center Distance and Ratio......Page 286
Efficiency of Worm Gearing......Page 287
Thermal Rating......Page 291
Double-enveloping Worm Gearing......Page 292
Wormgear Hobs......Page 294
Helical Fluted Hobs......Page 295
Gear Shaving......Page 297
Inconel......Page 298
Metallography......Page 299
Monel......Page 300
Nichrome......Page 301
Duronze......Page 302
Wood's Metal......Page 303
Lumber Water Content......Page 304
Wheatstone Bridge......Page 305
Tooth-rest for Cutter Grinding......Page 306
Saddle......Page 307
Transfer Machines......Page 308
Rivets, Cold Formed......Page 309
History of Briggs Pipe Thread (NPT)......Page 310
Thread Grinding......Page 312
Thread-Cutting Methods......Page 313
Taps......Page 314
Percentages of Radial and Thrust Loads......Page 315
Ball Bearing Lubrication......Page 316
Engine Governors......Page 317
Sensitiveness and Stability of Governors......Page 318
Rope Splicing......Page 319
Mathematics......Page 322
Fractional Inch, Decimal, Millimeter Conversion......Page 324
Positive and Negative Numbers......Page 325
Ratio and Proportion......Page 326
Percentage......Page 328
Reciprocals......Page 329
Dividing Fractions and Mixed Numbers......Page 330
Decimal Fractions......Page 331
Continued Fractions......Page 332
Conjugate Fractions......Page 333
Using Continued Fraction Convergents as Conjugates......Page 334
Powers of Ten Notation......Page 335
Multiplying Numbers Written in Powers of Ten Notation......Page 336
Constants Frequently Used in Mathematical Expressions......Page 337
Operations on Complex Numbers......Page 338
Combinations......Page 339
Prime Numbers and Factors of Numbers......Page 340
Rearrangement and Transposition of Terms in Formulas......Page 350
Principal Algebraic Expressions and Formulas......Page 351
Solution of Quadratic Equations with One Unknown......Page 352
Factoring a Quadratic Expression......Page 353
Solving Numerical Equations Having One Unknown......Page 354
Formulas for Differential and Integral Calculus......Page 355
Geometrical Progression......Page 357
Straight Line......Page 360
Coordinate Systems......Page 363
Parabola......Page 366
Ellipse......Page 367
Hyperbola......Page 368
Pappus or Guldinus Rules......Page 380
Area of Plane Surfaces of Irregular Outline......Page 381
Find the Contents of Cylindrical Tanks at Different Levels......Page 382
Areas and Dimensions of Plane Figures......Page 384
Formulas and Table for Regular Polygons......Page 390
Circular Segments......Page 391
Segments of Circles for Radius = 1......Page 392
Diameters of Circles and Sides of Squares of Equal Area......Page 394
Distance Across Corners of Squares and Hexagons......Page 395
Volumes of Solids......Page 396
Diameter of Circle Enclosing a Given Number of Smaller Circles......Page 402
Circles within Rectangles......Page 407
Rollers on a Shaft......Page 408
Functions of Angles......Page 409
Trigonometric Identities......Page 410
Solution of Right-Angled Triangles......Page 412
Solution of Oblique-Angled Triangles......Page 415
Conversion Tables of Angular Measure......Page 417
Graphic Illustrations of the Functions of Angles......Page 419
Tables of Trigonometric Functions......Page 420
Involute Functions......Page 424
Compound Angles......Page 429
Interpolation......Page 431
Common Logarithms......Page 432
Finding a Number Whose Logarithm Is Given......Page 433
Obtaining the Powers of Numbers......Page 434
Extracting Roots by Logarithms......Page 435
Table of Logarithms......Page 436
Matrix Multiplication......Page 440
Determinant of a Square Matrix......Page 441
Adjoint of a Matrix......Page 442
Simultaneous Equations......Page 443
Compound Interest......Page 446
Nominal vs. Effective Interest Rates......Page 447
Annuities......Page 448
Cash Flow Diagrams......Page 449
Statutory Depreciation System......Page 451
Net Present Value......Page 452
Capitalized Cost......Page 453
Equivalent Uniform Annual Cost......Page 454
Break-Even Analysis......Page 455
Overhead Expenses......Page 458
Mechanics and Strength of Materials......Page 459
Definitions......Page 462
The Use of the Metric SI System in Mechanics Calculations......Page 463
Graphical Representation of Forces......Page 466
Couples......Page 468
Algebraic Composition and Resolution of Force Systems......Page 469
Algebraic Solution of Force Systems - All Forces in the Same Plane......Page 470
Algebraic Solution of Force Systems - Forces Not in Same Plane......Page 474
Parallel Forces......Page 475
Nonparallel Forces......Page 476
Influence of Friction on the Efficiency of Small Machine Elements......Page 478
Static Friction Coefficients......Page 479
Levers......Page 480
Inclined Plane - Wedge......Page 482
Wheels and Pulleys......Page 483
Geneva Wheel......Page 484
Toggle Joint......Page 485
Pendulum Formulas......Page 486
Harmonic......Page 487
Linear Motion with Constant Acceleration......Page 488
Angular Velocity of Rotating Bodies......Page 489
Rotary Motion with Constant Acceleration......Page 490
Accelerations Resulting from Unbalanced Forces......Page 492
Formulas Relating Torque and Angular Acceleration......Page 493
Energy......Page 494
Relation between Work and Energy......Page 495
Force of a Blow......Page 496
Impulse and Momentum......Page 497
Formulas for Work and Power......Page 499
Centrifugal Force......Page 500
Centrifugal Casting......Page 501
Classification of Flywheels......Page 504
General Procedure in Flywheel Design......Page 505
Flywheels for Presses, Punches, Shears, Etc......Page 506
Dimensions of Flywheels for Punches and Shears......Page 507
Simplified Flywheel Calculations......Page 508
Centrifugal Stresses in Flywheel Rims......Page 509
Thickness of Cast Iron Flywheel Rims......Page 510
Tables of Safe Speeds for Flywheels......Page 511
Safe Speed Formulas for Flywheels and Pulleys......Page 512
Tests to Determine Flywheel Bursting Speeds......Page 513
Steam Engine Flywheels......Page 514
Spokes or Arms of Flywheels......Page 515
Formulas for Critical Speeds......Page 516
Balancing Calculations......Page 518
Counterbalancing Several Masses Located in a Single Plane......Page 519
Counterbalancing Masses Located in Two or More Planes......Page 521
Balancing Lathe Fixtures......Page 522
Mechanical Properties of Materials......Page 524
Poisson's Ratio......Page 525
Fatigue Properties......Page 526
The Influence of Mean Stress on Fatigue......Page 527
Modes of Fatigue Failure......Page 528
Working Stress......Page 529
Stress Concentration Factors......Page 530
Simple Stresses......Page 534
Deflections......Page 535
Tables of Combined Stresses......Page 536
Three-Dimensional Stress......Page 540
Sample Calculations......Page 542
Stresses and Deflections in a Loaded Ring......Page 544
Strength of Taper Pins......Page 545
Center of Gravity......Page 546
Center of Gravity of Figures of any Outline......Page 552
Radius of Gyration......Page 553
Center of Percussion......Page 556
Moment of Inertia......Page 557
Moment of Inertia of Built-up Sections......Page 558
Moments of Inertia, Section Moduli, and Radii of Gyration......Page 559
Mass Moments of Inertia......Page 569
Formulas for Polar Moment of Inertia of Masses, JM......Page 571
Moments of Inertia and Section Moduli for Rectangles and Round Shafts......Page 574
Stresses and Deflections in Beams......Page 581
Stress and Deflection Beam Table......Page 582
Rectangular and Round Solid Beams......Page 593
Beams of Uniform Strength Throughout Their Length......Page 595
Deflection as a Limiting Factor in Beam Design......Page 598
Curved Beams......Page 599
American Railway Engineering Association Formulas......Page 602
Stresses in Beams Produced by Shocks......Page 603
Stresses in Helical Springs Produced by Shocks......Page 604
Fatigue Stresses......Page 605
Formulas of American Railway Engineering Association......Page 606
Machine Elements Subjected to Compressive Loads......Page 607
American Institute of Steel Construction......Page 610
Square and Rectangular Flat Plates......Page 613
Strength of Cylinders Subjected to Internal Pressure......Page 615
Spherical Shells Subjected to Internal Pressure......Page 616
Collapsing Pressure of Cylinders and Tubes Subjected to External Pressures......Page 618
Torsional Strength of Shafting......Page 620
Torsional Deflection of Circular Shafts......Page 622
Linear Deflection of Shafting......Page 623
Design of Transmission Shafting......Page 624
Formula for Shafts of Brittle Materials......Page 626
Shaft Couplings......Page 627
Comparison of Hollow and Solid Shafting with Same Outside Diameter......Page 628
Notation......Page 629
High-Carbon Spring Steels in Flat Strip Form......Page 630
Stainless Spring Steels......Page 631
Copper-Base Spring Alloys......Page 632
Nickel-Base Spring Alloys with Constant Moduli of Elasticity......Page 633
Allowable Working Stresses for Springs......Page 634
Endurance Limit for Spring Materials......Page 639
Working Stresses at Elevated Temperatures......Page 640
Helical Compression Spring Design......Page 641
Formulas for Compression Spring......Page 643
Table of Spring Characteristics......Page 645
Extension Springs......Page 650
Extension Spring Design......Page 652
Tolerances for Compression and Extension Springs......Page 654
Torsion Spring Design......Page 656
Torsion Spring Design Recommendations......Page 662
Table of Torsion Spring Characteristics......Page 663
Torsion Spring Tolerances......Page 668
Flat Springs Formulas......Page 669
General Heat Treating Information for Springs......Page 670
Spring Failure......Page 673
Music Wire......Page 674
Disc Spring Group Classification......Page 675
Disc Spring Materials......Page 676
Stacking of Disc Springs......Page 677
Force Generated by Disc Springs Without Contact Surfaces......Page 679
Disc Spring Functional Stresses......Page 682
Fatigue Life of Disc Springs......Page 683
Example Applications of Disc Springs......Page 686
Wire Rope Construction......Page 690
Properties of Wire Rope......Page 691
Standard Classes of Wire Rope......Page 692
Weights and Strengths......Page 693
Sizes and Strengths of Wire Rope......Page 697
Safe Working Loads and Factors of Safety......Page 698
Installing Wire Rope......Page 699
Drum or Reel Capacity......Page 700
Minimum Sheave- and Drum-Groove Dimensions for Wire Rope Applications......Page 701
Lubrication of Wire Rope......Page 702
Applying Clips and Attaching Sockets......Page 703
Rated Capacities for Improved Plow Steel Wire Rope and Wire Rope Slings (in tons of 2,000 lbs)......Page 705
Care of Hoisting and Crane Chains......Page 707
Safe Loads for Ropes and Chains......Page 708
Strength of Manila Rope......Page 709
Loads Lifted by Crane Chains......Page 711
Sprocket Wheels for Ordinary Link Chains......Page 712
Method of Making an Eye-splice......Page 714
Hot Dip Galvanized, Forged Steel Eye-bolts......Page 715
Lifting Eyes......Page 716
Properties, Treatment, and Testing of Materials......Page 717
The Elements - Symbols, Atomic Numbers and Weights, Melting Points......Page 719
Specific Heat......Page 720
Heat Loss from Uncovered Steam Pipes......Page 721
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion......Page 723
Typical Thermal Properties of Various Metals......Page 724
Change in Radius of Thin Circular Ring with Temperature......Page 726
Specific Gravity of Liquids......Page 728
How to Estimate the Weight of Natural Piles......Page 730
Mol......Page 731
Mechanical Properties of Wood......Page 732
Effect of Pressure Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Wood......Page 733
Machinability of Wood......Page 734
Typical Properties of Ceramics Materials......Page 736
Typical Properties of Plastics Materials......Page 737
Mechanical Properties of Various Investment Casting Alloys......Page 738
Typical Properties of Compressed and Sintered Powdered Metal Alloys......Page 740
Typical Elastic Properties of Materials......Page 741
Influence of Temperature on the Strength of Metals......Page 742
Water Pressure......Page 743
Flow of Water in Pipes......Page 744
Buoyancy......Page 745
Flow through Nozzle......Page 746
Pipe Expansion Due to Temperature Changes......Page 748
Volumes and Weights of Air at Different Temperatures, at Atmospheric Pressure......Page 749
Density of Air at Different Pressures and Temperatures......Page 750
Expansion and Compression of Air......Page 751
Work Required in Compression of Air......Page 752
Continuity Equation......Page 753
Flow of Compressed Air in Pipes......Page 757
Velocity of Escaping Compressed Air......Page 758
Standard Steel Classification......Page 759
Numbering Systems for Metals and Alloys......Page 761
Damascus Steel......Page 762
AISI-SAE Numbers for Steel......Page 763
AISI-SAE Designation System......Page 764
Composition of AISI-SAE Standard Carbon Steels......Page 765
Compositions of AISI-SAE Standard Alloy Steels......Page 767
Standard Stainless Steels - Typical Compositions......Page 769
Thermal Treatments of Steel......Page 770
Applications......Page 771
Carbon Steels......Page 773
Carburizing Grades of Alloy Steels......Page 776
Directly Hardenable Grades of Alloy Steels......Page 777
Characteristics and Typical Applications of Standard Stainless Steels......Page 778
Chromium-Nickel Austenitic Steels......Page 781
Stainless Chromium Irons and Steels......Page 782
High-Strength, Low-Alloy Steels......Page 783
Typical Mechanical Properties of Steel......Page 785
The Properties of Tool Steels......Page 796
Common Tool Faults and Failures......Page 799
The Effect of Alloying Elements on Tool Steel Properties......Page 800
Classification of Tool Steels......Page 802
The Selection of Tool Steels for Particular Applications......Page 808
Molybdenum-Type High-Speed Tool Steels......Page 809
Tungsten-Type High-Speed Tool Steels......Page 811
Hot-Work Tool Steels, Chromium Types......Page 812
Hot-Work Tool Steels, Molybdenum Types......Page 814
Cold-Work Tool Steels, Oil-Hardening Types......Page 815
Shock-Resisting, Mold, and Special-Purpose Tool Steels......Page 816
Mold Steels......Page 818
Water-Hardening Tool Steels......Page 820
Mill Production Forms of Tool Steels......Page 822
Advances in Tool Steel Making Technology......Page 823
Heat-Treating Definitions......Page 824
Hardness and Hardenability......Page 828
Surface Hardening Treatment (Case Hardening)......Page 830
Effect of Heating Fully Annealed Carbon Steel......Page 831
Effect of Rapid Cooling or Quenching on Carbon Steel......Page 832
Steel Heat-Treating Furnaces......Page 833
Basic Steps in Hardening......Page 834
Critical Points of Decalescence and Recalescence......Page 835
Hardening Temperatures for Carbon Tool Steels......Page 836
The Lead Bath......Page 837
Hardening or Quenching Baths......Page 838
Quenching in Molten Salt Bath......Page 839
Interrupted Quenching......Page 840
Tempering......Page 842
Tempering in Salt Baths......Page 843
To Prevent Lead from Sticking to Steel......Page 844
Annealing, Spheroidizing, and Normalizing......Page 845
Annealing by Constant-Temperature Transformation......Page 846
Use of Carbonaceous Mixtures......Page 847
Nitriding Process......Page 848
Induction Hardening......Page 850
Typical Heat Treatments for SAE Carbon Steels......Page 853
Typical Heat Treatments for SAE Alloy Steels......Page 854
Metallography......Page 855
Typical SAE Heat Treatments for Grades of ChromiumƒNickel Austenitic Steels Not Hardenable by Thermal Treatment......Page 857
Typical SAE Heat Treatments for Stainless Chromium Steels......Page 858
Hardening of Tungsten High-Speed Steel......Page 859
Tempering or Drawing Tungsten High-Speed Steel......Page 861
Hardening Molybdenum High-Speed Steels......Page 862
Protective Coatings for Molybdenum Steels......Page 863
Equipment for Hardening High-Speed Steel......Page 864
Changes Resulting From Subzero Treatment......Page 865
Stabilizing Dimensions of Close-Fitting Machine Parts......Page 866
Order of Cooling and Tempering Periods for High-speed Steel......Page 867
Brinell Hardness Test......Page 868
Vickers Hardness Test......Page 869
Comparison of Hardness Scales......Page 870
Comparative Hardness Scales for Steel......Page 871
Durometer Tests......Page 872
Strength Data for Nonferrous Metals......Page 875
Cast Copper Alloys......Page 876
Wrought Copper Alloys......Page 881
Copper-Beryllium Alloys......Page 890
Characteristics of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys......Page 892
Temper Designations for Aluminum Alloys......Page 893
Composition of Casting Alloys......Page 896
Properties of Casting Alloys......Page 897
Compositions of Wrought Alloys......Page 899
Properties of Wrought Alloys......Page 901
Characteristics of Principal Aluminum Alloy Series Groups......Page 905
Type Metal......Page 906
Alloy and Temper Designation......Page 907
Titanium and Titanium Alloys......Page 910
Mechanical Properties of Wrought Titanium Alloys......Page 912
Characteristics of Important Plastics Families......Page 913
Mixtures......Page 914
Physical Properties......Page 915
Mechanical Properties......Page 917
Other Measures of Strength and Modulus......Page 922
Time-Related Mechanical Properties......Page 923
Thermal Properties......Page 924
Effect of Temperature on Mechanical Properties......Page 925
Electrical Properties......Page 926
End-Use Environmental Considerations......Page 927
Structural Analysis......Page 928
Design Stresses for Preliminary Part Designs Expressed as a Percentage of Manufacturers' Data Sheet Strength Values......Page 930
Thermal Stresses......Page 931
Design for Injection Moldings......Page 932
Design for Assembly......Page 936
Assembly with Fasteners......Page 941
Machining Plastics......Page 942
Development of Prototypes......Page 945
Plastics Gearing......Page 946
Dimensioning, Gaging and Measuring......Page 950
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing......Page 951
Comparison of ANSI and ISO Geometric Symbols......Page 954
Definitions......Page 955
Datum Referencing......Page 959
Positional Tolerance......Page 961
Checking Drawings......Page 963
Tapers for Machine Tool Spindles......Page 965
Unilateral and Bilateral Tolerances......Page 966
Locating Tolerance Dimensions......Page 967
Allowance for Given Pressure......Page 968
Allowances for Shrinkage Fits......Page 969
Temperatures for Shrinkage Fits......Page 970
Definitions......Page 972
ANSI Standard Fits......Page 973
Description of Fits......Page 976
Modified Standard Fits......Page 977
Running and Sliding Fits......Page 979
Clearance Locational Fits......Page 981
Transition Locational Fits......Page 983
Definitions......Page 986
Tolerances Designation......Page 987
Preferred Metric Fits......Page 988
Hole Basis Fits......Page 991
Shaft Basis Fits......Page 995
Gagemakers Tolerances......Page 999
British Standard for Metric ISO Limits and Fits......Page 1000
Calculated Limits of Tolerance......Page 1001
Tolerance for Selected Shafts......Page 1003
Clearances......Page 1004
Deviations for Shafts......Page 1006
Deviations for Holes......Page 1008
American National Standard for Preferred Numbers......Page 1010
British Standard Preferred Numbers and Preferred Sizes......Page 1011
Reading a Vernier......Page 1013
Dual Metric-Inch Vernier......Page 1014
Reading a Micrometer......Page 1015
Types of Sine-bars......Page 1016
Measuring Angle of Templet or Gage with Sine-bar......Page 1017
Using a Calculator to Determine Sine-bar Constants for a Given Angle......Page 1018
Dimensioning Tapers......Page 1019
Constants for 5-inch Sine-bar......Page 1020
Constants for 100-millimeter Sine-bar......Page 1027
Measuring Dovetail Slides......Page 1034
Tapers per Foot and Corresponding Angles......Page 1035
Rules for Figuring Tapers......Page 1036
Checking a V-shaped Groove by Measurement Over Pins......Page 1038
Checking Radius of Arc by Measurement Over Rolls......Page 1039
Checking for Various Shaft Conditions......Page 1040
Out-of-Roundness - Lobing......Page 1042
Measuring by Light-wave Interference Bands......Page 1044
Definitions of Terms Relating to the Surfaces of Solid Materials......Page 1045
Definitions of Terms Relating to the Measurement of Surface Texture......Page 1047
Sampling Lengths......Page 1048
Roughness Parameters......Page 1049
Relation of Surface Roughness to Tolerances......Page 1050
Instrumentation for Surface Texture Measurement......Page 1051
Drawing Practices for Surface Texture Symbols......Page 1052
Surface Texture Symbol......Page 1053
Applying Surface Texture Symbols......Page 1054
Roughness Average Values......Page 1055
Metric Dimensions on Drawings......Page 1056
Rules for Comparing Measured Values to Specified Limits......Page 1059
ISO Surface Parameter Symbols......Page 1060
Federal Specification for Gage Blocks, Inch and Metric Sizes......Page 1064
Gage Block Sets......Page 1065
Tooling and Toolmaking......Page 1067
Terms and Definitions......Page 1070
Relief Angles......Page 1073
Rake Angles......Page 1074
Nose Radius......Page 1075
Chipbreakers......Page 1076
Introduction......Page 1077
Identification System for Indexable Inserts......Page 1078
Indexable Insert Tool Holders......Page 1079
Identification System for Indexable Insert Holders......Page 1080
Selecting Indexable Insert Holders......Page 1082
Single-Point, Sintered-Carbide-Tipped Tools......Page 1085
American National Standard Style A Carbide Tipped Tools......Page 1088
American National Standard Style B Carbide Tipped Tools with 15-degree Side-cutting-edge Angle......Page 1089
American National Standard Style D, 80-degree Nose-angle Carbide Tipped Tools......Page 1090
American National Standard Styles ER and EL, 60-degree Nose-angle, Carbide Tipped Tools with Offset Point......Page 1091
Carbide Tools......Page 1092
American National Standard Style G, Offset, Side-cutting, Carbide Tipped Tools......Page 1093
Carbides and Carbonitrides......Page 1094
Properties of Tungsten-Carbide-Based Cutting-Tool......Page 1095
Ceramics......Page 1099
Superhard Materials......Page 1102
Basic Machining Data......Page 1103
Cutting Blades......Page 1104
Table Giving Step Dimensions and Angles on Straight or Dovetailed Forming Tools......Page 1105
Circular Forming Tools......Page 1108
Using Tables for "Corrected Diameters of Circular Forming Tools"......Page 1110
Arrangement of Circular Tools......Page 1115
Circular Cut-Off Tools......Page 1116
Number of Teeth in Milling Cutters......Page 1117
Explanation of the "Hand" of Milling Cutters......Page 1118
American National Standard Plain Milling Cutters......Page 1119
American National Standard Side Milling Cutters......Page 1120
American National Standard Form Relieved Corner Rounding Cutters with Weldon Shanks......Page 1121
Milling Cutter Terms......Page 1122
End Mill Terms......Page 1124
American National Standard Multiple- and Two-Flute Single-End Helical End Mills with Plain Straight and Weldon Shanks......Page 1125
ANSI Regular-, Long-, and Extra Long-Length, Multiple-Flute Medium Helix Single-End End Mills with Weldon Shanks......Page 1126
ANSI Two-Flute, High Helix, Regular-, Long-, and Extra Long-Length, Single-End End Mills with Weldon Shanks......Page 1127
ANSI Roughing, Single-End End Mills with Weldon Shanks, High-Speed Steel......Page 1128
Amerian National Standard Form Relieved, Concave, Convex, and Corner-Rounding Arbor-Type Cutters......Page 1136
American National Standard Roller Chain Sprocket Milling Cutters......Page 1138
American National Standard Keys and Keyways for Milling Cutters and Arbors......Page 1140
American National Standard Woodruff Keyseat CuttersŒShank-Type Straight- Teeth and Arbor-Type Staggered-Teeth......Page 1141
Setting Angles for Milling Straight Teeth of Uniform Land Width in End Mills, Angular Cutters, and Taper Reamers......Page 1142
Wheels for Sharpening Milling Cutters......Page 1145
Clearance Angles for Milling Cutter Teeth......Page 1146
Eccentric Type Radial Relief......Page 1147
Indicator Drop Method of Checking Relief and Rake Angles......Page 1150
Relieving Attachments......Page 1151
Distance to Set Tooth Rest Below Cutter Center When Cup Wheel is Used......Page 1152
Hand Reamers......Page 1153
Fluted Chucking Reamers......Page 1154
Cutters for Fluting Rose Chucking Reamers......Page 1155
Reamer Terms and Definitions......Page 1156
Dimensions of Centers for Reamers and Arbors......Page 1160
Reamer Difficulties......Page 1161
Expansion Chucking Reamers - Straight and Taper Shanks......Page 1163
Hand Reamers - Straight and Helical Flutes......Page 1164
American National Standard Expansion Hand Reamers - Straight and Helical Flutes, Squared Shank......Page 1165
American National Standard Driving Slots and Lugs for Shell Reamers or Shell Reamer Arbors......Page 1166
Straight Shank Chucking Reamers - Straight Flutes, Wire Gage Sizes......Page 1167
Shell Reamers - Straight and Helical Flutes......Page 1170
Center Reamers......Page 1172
B & S Taper Reamers - Straight and Spiral Flutes, Squared Shank......Page 1173
Definitions of Twist Drill Terms......Page 1175
Types of Drills......Page 1176
Drill Drivers - Split-Sleeve, Collet Type......Page 1196
Three- and Four-Flute Straight Shank Core Drills......Page 1197
British Standard Metric Twist Drills......Page 1199
Gauge and Letter Sizes......Page 1200
Morse Taper Shank Twist Drills and Core Drills......Page 1201
Tolerance on Diameter......Page 1202
Parallel Shank Jobber Series Twist Drills......Page 1203
Accuracy of Drilled Holes......Page 1205
Counterboring......Page 1206
Three Piece Counterbores......Page 1207
Sintered Carbide Boring Tools......Page 1208
Square Boring Tools......Page 1210
Carbide-Tipped Square Boring Tools......Page 1211
Boring Machines, Origin......Page 1212
Definitions of Tap Terms......Page 1213
Fraction-Size Taps......Page 1217
Machine Screw Taps......Page 1219
Ground Thread Limits......Page 1220
Taper Pipe Taps......Page 1221
Straight Pipe Taps......Page 1222
Straight Fluted Taps......Page 1224
Spiral-Pointed Taps......Page 1226
ANSI Standard Taps......Page 1231
ANSI Standard Ground Thread Spark Plug Taps......Page 1232
ANSI Standard Spiral Pointed Ground Thread Taps......Page 1234
ANSI Standard Taper and Straight Pipe Taps......Page 1235
Thread Series Designations......Page 1237
Eccentricity Tolerances......Page 1238
Standard System of Ground Thread Tap Limits and Identification for Metric Screw Threads, M Profile......Page 1239
Acme and Square-Threaded Taps......Page 1240
Acme Threads Taps......Page 1241
Drill Hole Sizes for Acme Threads......Page 1242
British Standard Screwing Taps for ISO Metric Threads......Page 1243
Tapping Square Threads......Page 1246
Jarno Taper......Page 1247
British Standard Tapers......Page 1255
Morse Taper Sleeves......Page 1256
Brown & Sharpe Taper Shanks......Page 1257
Tapers for Machine Tool Spindles......Page 1258
Plug and Ring Gages......Page 1259
Jacobs Tapers and Threads......Page 1260
Spindle Noses......Page 1261
Tool Shanks......Page 1263
Draw-in Bolt Ends......Page 1264
Spindle Nose......Page 1265
Collets for Lathes, Mills, Grinders, and Fixtures......Page 1266
Recommended Maximum Grinding Wheel Sizes for Portable Tools......Page 1269
Square Drives for Portable Air......Page 1270
Abrasion Tool Spindles......Page 1271
Hexagonal Chucks and Shanks for Portable Air......Page 1272
Mounted Wheels and Mounted Points......Page 1273
Shapes and Sizes of Mounted Wheels and Points......Page 1275
Types of Broaches......Page 1276
Pitch of Broach Teeth......Page 1277
Broaching Pressure......Page 1278
Depth of Cut per Tooth......Page 1279
Chip Breakers......Page 1280
Ball-Broaching......Page 1281
Broaching Difficulties......Page 1282
Definitions of File Terms......Page 1283
Classes of Files......Page 1284
Effectiveness of Rotary Files and Burs......Page 1286
Steel Wool......Page 1287
Tool Wear and Sharpening......Page 1288
Relief Grinding of the Tool Flanks......Page 1290
Drill Point Thinning......Page 1291
Silicon Carbide Wheels......Page 1292
Diamond Concentration......Page 1293
Peripheral Versus Flat Side Grinding......Page 1294
Summary of Miscellaneous Points......Page 1295
American National Standard Jig Bushings......Page 1296
Head Type Press Fit Wearing Bushings......Page 1297
Slip Type Renewable Wearing Bushings......Page 1300
Fixed Type Renewable Wearing Bushings......Page 1302
Headless Type Liner Bushings......Page 1303
Locking Mechanisms......Page 1305
Jig Borers......Page 1306
Jig-Boring Practice......Page 1307
Transfer of Tolerances......Page 1308
Hole Coordinate Dimension Factors for Jig Boring......Page 1310
Spacing Off the Circumferences of Circles......Page 1312
Hole Coordinate Tables......Page 1314
Machining Operations......Page 1326
Cutting Tool Materials......Page 1330
Cutting Speed, Feed, Depth of Cut, Tool Wear, and Tool Life......Page 1334
Selecting Cutting Conditions......Page 1335
Tool Troubleshooting......Page 1336
Cutting Speed Formulas......Page 1337
Revolutions per Minute for Various Cutting Speeds and Diameters......Page 1339
Principal Speed and Feed Tables......Page 1343
Speed and Feed Tables for Turning......Page 1347
Plain Carbon and Alloy Steels......Page 1348
Tool Steels......Page 1352
Stainless Steels......Page 1353
Ferrous Cast Metals......Page 1354
Speed and Tool Life Adjustments......Page 1356
Copper Alloys......Page 1358
Titanium and Titanium Alloys......Page 1359
Superalloys......Page 1360
Speed and Feed Tables for Milling......Page 1361
Slit Milling......Page 1364
Aluminum Alloys......Page 1365
Plain Carbon and Alloy Steels......Page 1366
Tool Steels......Page 1370
Stainless Steels......Page 1371
Ferrous Cast Metals......Page 1373
High Speed Steel Cutters......Page 1375
Speed Adjustment Factors......Page 1377
Radial Depth of Cut Adjustments......Page 1378
Tool Life Adjustment......Page 1380
Using the Feed and Speed Tables for Drilling, Reaming, and Threading......Page 1381
Plain Carbon and Alloy Steels......Page 1382
Tool Steels......Page 1387
Stainless Steels......Page 1388
Ferrous Cast Metals......Page 1389
Light Metals......Page 1391
Adjustment Factors for HSS......Page 1392
Using the Feed and Speed Tables for Tapping and Threading......Page 1393
Cutting Speed for Broaching......Page 1395
Spade Drill Geometry......Page 1396
Spade Drilling......Page 1398
Feed Rates......Page 1400
Power Consumption and Thrust for Spade Drilling......Page 1401
Trepanning......Page 1402
Speeds for Turning Unusual Materials......Page 1403
Power Constants......Page 1405
Tool Wear Factors......Page 1408
Metal Removal Rate......Page 1409
Work Material Factor......Page 1411
Chisel Edge Factors......Page 1412
Drill Diameter Factors......Page 1413
Equivalent Chip Thickness (ECT)......Page 1414
Tool-life Relationships......Page 1415
Taylor's Equation......Page 1416
The Generalized Taylor Equation......Page 1417
The Colding Tool-life Relationship......Page 1418
The G- and H-curves......Page 1419
The V-ECT-T Graph and the Tool-life Envelope......Page 1420
Cutting Forces and Chip Flow Angle......Page 1421
Forces and Tool-life......Page 1423
Surface Finish Ra and Tool-life......Page 1425
Shape of Tool-life Relationships for Turning, Milling, Drilling and Grinding Operations - Overview......Page 1427
Minimum Cost......Page 1428
The Cost Function......Page 1429
Global Optimum......Page 1430
Optimization Models, Economic Tool-life when Feed is Constant......Page 1431
Global Optimum, Graphical Method......Page 1432
Global Optimum, Mathematical Method......Page 1433
Nomenclature......Page 1434
Scheduling of Tool Changes......Page 1435
Calculation of Cost of Cutting and Grinding Operations......Page 1436
Variation of Tooling and Total Cost With The Selection of Feeds and Speeds......Page 1439
Selection of Optimized Data......Page 1440
High-speed Machining - No Mystery......Page 1443
Chip Geometry in End and Face Milling......Page 1444
Formulas......Page 1446
Physics behind hm and ECT, Forces and Tool-life (T)......Page 1448
Feed Rate and Tool-life in High-speed Milling, Effect of ECT and Number of Teeth......Page 1449
Process Econometrics Comparison of High-speed and Slot End Milling......Page 1450
Cams for Threading......Page 1452
Cutting Speeds and Feeds......Page 1453
Spindle Revolutions......Page 1455
Practical Points on Cam and Tool Design......Page 1456
Stock for Screw Machine Products......Page 1457
Band Saw Blade Selection......Page 1459
Types of Blades......Page 1460
Band Saw Speed and Feed Rate......Page 1461
Bimetal Band Saw Speeds......Page 1462
Band Saw Blade Break-In......Page 1463
Cutting Fluids for Machining......Page 1464
Water-Miscible Fluids......Page 1465
Selection of Cutting Fluids for Different Materials and Operations......Page 1466
Cutting Fluids for Turning, Milling, Drilling and Tapping......Page 1467
Cutting Fluids Recommended for Machining Operations......Page 1468
Cutting Fluids for Machining Magnesium......Page 1469
Occupational Exposures to Metal Working Fluids (MWFs)......Page 1470
Fluid Selection, Use, and Application......Page 1471
Fluid Maintenance......Page 1472
Respiratory Protection......Page 1473
Machining Aluminum......Page 1474
Machining Magnesium......Page 1475
Machining Monel and Nickel Alloys......Page 1476
Formica Machining......Page 1477
Ultrasonic Machining......Page 1478
Wheel life T and Grinding Ratio......Page 1479
ECT in Grinding......Page 1480
Wheel Life Relationships and Optimum Grinding Data......Page 1481
Surface Finish, Ra......Page 1483
Spark-out Time......Page 1484
Grinding Cutting Forces, Torque and Power......Page 1485
Grinding Data Selection Including Wheel Life......Page 1486
Side Feed, Roughing and Finishing......Page 1487
Relative Grindability......Page 1488
Procedure to Determine Data......Page 1489
User Calibration of Recommendations......Page 1495
Optimization......Page 1497
Abrasive Materials......Page 1498
Grinding Wheel Structure......Page 1499
Sequence of Markings......Page 1500
The Selection of Grinding Wheels......Page 1501
Standard Shapes and Inch Size Ranges......Page 1502
Grinding Wheel Faces......Page 1509
Hardened Tool Steels......Page 1511
Constructional Steels......Page 1515
Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) Grinding Wheels......Page 1516
Tools and Methods for Dressing and Truing......Page 1517
Guidelines for Truing and Dressing with Single-Point Diamonds......Page 1519
Diamond Truing and Crossfeeds......Page 1520
Minimum Sizes for Single-Point Truing Diamonds......Page 1521
Shapes of Diamond Wheels......Page 1522
Cross-sections and Designations......Page 1523
Designations for Location......Page 1524
Composition of Diamond and Cubic Boron Nitride Wheels......Page 1525
Designation Letters......Page 1526
Abrasive Specification......Page 1527
Safety in Operating Grinding Wheels......Page 1528
Grinding Wheel Mounting......Page 1529
Safe Operating Speeds......Page 1530
Portable Grinders......Page 1531
Work Holding on Cylindrical Grinding Machines......Page 1533
Selection of Grinding Wheels for Cylindrical Grinding......Page 1534
Operational Data for Cylindrical Grinding......Page 1535
High-Speed Cylindrical Grinding......Page 1536
Cylindrical Grinding Troubles and Their Correction......Page 1537
Centerless Grinding......Page 1541
Centerless Grinding Troubles......Page 1542
Advantages of Surface Grinding......Page 1543
Principal Systems of Surface Grinding......Page 1544
Grinding Wheel Recommendations......Page 1546
Basic Process Data......Page 1547
Oilstones......Page 1548
Swing-Frame Grinding......Page 1550
Abrasive Cutting......Page 1551
Application of Abrasive Belts......Page 1552
Amount and Rate of Stock Removal......Page 1554
Factors for Use in Rotative Speed Formulas......Page 1555
Material for Laps......Page 1556
Grading Abrasives for Lapping......Page 1557
Grading Diamond Dust......Page 1558
Effect of Different Lapping Lubricants......Page 1559
Summary of Lapping Tests......Page 1560
Specifications......Page 1561
Cylindrical Knurling Tools......Page 1562
Formulas Applicable to Knurled Work......Page 1563
Tolerances......Page 1564
Concave Knurls......Page 1565
Machine Tool Accuracy......Page 1566
Degrees of Accuracy Expected with NC Machine Tools......Page 1569
Effect of Machine Accuracy on Part Tolerances......Page 1570
Numerical Control vs Manual Operations......Page 1575
Numerical Control Standards......Page 1576
Programmable Controller......Page 1579
Adaptive Control......Page 1583
Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS)......Page 1584
Axis Nomenclature......Page 1585
Total Indicator Reading (TIR)......Page 1588
Programming......Page 1590
Format Classification......Page 1593
Preparatory Word (G-Word)......Page 1595
Miscellaneous Functions (M-Words)......Page 1599
Feed Function (F-Word)......Page 1600
Tool Function (T-Word)......Page 1601
Linear Interpolation......Page 1603
Circular Interpolation......Page 1604
Helical and Parabolic Interpolation......Page 1605
Subroutine......Page 1606
Parametric Expressions and Macros......Page 1607
Fixed (Canned) Cycles......Page 1608
Thread Cutting......Page 1612
APT Programming......Page 1613
APT Geometry Statements......Page 1615
Points......Page 1616
Lines......Page 1617
Circles......Page 1619
APT Motion Statements......Page 1620
Contouring Cutter Movements......Page 1621
Circles......Page 1622
Cutter Movement Surfaces......Page 1623
3-D Geometry......Page 1624
APT Postprocessor Statements......Page 1625
APT Example Program......Page 1627
APT for Turning......Page 1628
Indexable Insert Holders for NC......Page 1630
Insert Radius Compensation......Page 1631
Threading Tool Insert Radius......Page 1633
V-Flange Tool Shanks and Retention Knobs......Page 1634
Retention Knobs......Page 1635
CAD/CAM......Page 1636
Drawing Projections......Page 1638
Drawing Tips and Traps......Page 1639
Drawing Exchange Standards......Page 1643
DNC......Page 1645
Measuring Machinery Noise......Page 1646
Manufacturing Processes......Page 1647
Angular Clearance for Dies......Page 1650
Speeds and Pressures for Presses......Page 1651
Diameters of Shell Blanks......Page 1652
Drawn Cylindrical Shells......Page 1654
Depth and Diameter Reductions of Drawn Cylindrical Shells......Page 1655
Allowances for Bending Sheet Metal......Page 1656
Lengths of Straight Stock......Page 1657
Joining and Edging......Page 1660
Fine Blanking......Page 1665
Steel Rule Dies......Page 1667
Making of Steel Rule Dies......Page 1668
EDM Terms......Page 1670
The EDM Process......Page 1672
Electrical Control Adjustments......Page 1675
Electrode Materials......Page 1676
Types of Electrodes......Page 1677
Making Electrodes......Page 1678
Wire EDM......Page 1680
Alloy Cast Iron......Page 1681
Ductile Cast Iron......Page 1682
Carbon Steel Castings......Page 1683
Alloy Steel Castings......Page 1684
Heat-Resistant Steel Castings......Page 1685
Casting of Metals......Page 1686
Removal of Gates and Risers from Castings......Page 1688
Woods for Patterns......Page 1689
Metal Patterns......Page 1690
Die Casting......Page 1691
Alloys Used for Die Casting......Page 1692
Magnesium-Base Alloys......Page 1693
Die-Casting Bearing Metals in Place......Page 1694
Materials That May Be Cast......Page 1695
Investment Materials......Page 1696
Design for Investment Casting......Page 1697
The Basic Process......Page 1698
Factors Affecting Design of Briquetting Tools......Page 1700
Methods of Application......Page 1701
Filler Metals for Brazing Applications......Page 1703
Fluxes for Brazing......Page 1707
Brazing Symbol Application......Page 1708
Processes......Page 1710
Electrode Diameters......Page 1711
Shielding Gases for Short-Circuit Welding of Carbon Steels......Page 1712
Shielding Gases for GMAW Welding of Stainless Steels......Page 1713
Welding Controls......Page 1714
GMAW Spray Transfer for Metal Thicknesses 1 in (64 mm) and Up......Page 1716
GMAW Spray Transfer with 0.062-in (16-mm) Diameter Electrodes......Page 1717
Spray Transfer Voltage......Page 1718
All-Position, Gas-Shielded Electrodes......Page 1719
Selecting an FCAW Electrode......Page 1720
Settings for Gas-Shielded, All-Position, FCAW Electrodes......Page 1721
Welding with 0.052-in (1.3-mm) Diameter All-Position Electrodes......Page 1722
High-Deposition, All-Position Electrodes......Page 1723
Electrode Diameters and Deposition Rates......Page 1724
Shielding Gases and FCAW Electrodes......Page 1725
Shielded Metal Arc Welding......Page 1726
AWS E60XX Electrodes......Page 1727
AWS E70XX Electrodes......Page 1729
GTAW Welding Current......Page 1730
Selecting the Tungsten Electrode Type......Page 1732
Electrode and Current Selection......Page 1733
Current Ranges for EWP and EWZ GTAW Electrodes......Page 1734
Gases for Plasma Arc Welding......Page 1735
PAW Welding Equipment......Page 1736
Welding Aluminum......Page 1737
Plasma Arc Surface Coating......Page 1738
Arc Cutting......Page 1739
Cutting Steel Castings......Page 1740
High-Speed Steels......Page 1741
Cobalt-Base Alloys......Page 1742
Copper-Base Alloys......Page 1743
Nickel-Chromium-Boron Alloys......Page 1744
Electron-Beam (EB) Welding......Page 1745
Pipe Welding......Page 1746
Complete Weld Fusion......Page 1749
FCAW 5G (Non-rotated) MIG Welding of Thick-Walled, Carbon-steel Pipes, Procedure for Root Welding......Page 1750
FCAW 5G (Non-rotated) MIG Welding of Thick-Walled, Carbon-steel Pipes, Procedure for Fill and Cover Welds......Page 1751
FCAW 5G (Non-rotated) Welding of Thin-Walled Carbon Steel Pipes, Procedure for Root, Fill and Cover Pass Welding......Page 1752
American National Standard Weld and Welding Symbols......Page 1753
Basic Weld Symbols......Page 1754
Welding Codes, Rules, Regulations, and Specifications......Page 1755
Letter Designations for Welding......Page 1756
Amercan National Standard Welding Symbols......Page 1757
Nondestructive Testing Symbol Application......Page 1762
Laser Beams......Page 1764
Beam Focusing......Page 1765
Industrial Laser Systems......Page 1766
Laser Beam/Material Interaction......Page 1767
Cutting Metal with Lasers......Page 1768
Cut Edge Roughness......Page 1769
Heat-Affected Zones......Page 1770
Cutting of Nonmetals......Page 1771
Laser Welding Theory......Page 1772
Processing Gas......Page 1773
Percussive Drilling......Page 1774
Cladding with Lasers......Page 1775
Scanned-Beam Marking......Page 1776
Deburring and Producing a Radius on the Tooth Profile of Gears......Page 1777
Polishing Wheels......Page 1778
Speed of Polishing Wheels......Page 1781
Etching Fluids for Different Metals......Page 1782
Coloring of Copper Alloys......Page 1783
Anodizing Aluminum Alloys......Page 1784
Surface Coatings......Page 1785
Flame Spraying Process......Page 1793
Fasteners......Page 1794
Standard Wire Nails and Spikes......Page 1797
Wood Screws......Page 1798
General Design Considerations for Riveted Joints......Page 1799
Failure of Riveted Joints......Page 1800
Analysis of Joint Strength......Page 1801
Formulas for Riveted Joint Design......Page 1802
American National Standard Small Solid Rivets......Page 1804
Rivet Lengths for Forming Heads......Page 1805
British Standard Rivets for General Engineering......Page 1806
Button, Cone and Pan Head......Page 1807
Dimensions for Hold-On (Dolly Bar)......Page 1808
Coopers Rivets......Page 1809
Belt Rivets......Page 1810
British Standard Dimensions of Rivets (1/2 to 1 and 3/4 inch diameter)......Page 1812
Countersunk, Snap, Universal and Flat Head Rivets......Page 1813
Snap Head......Page 1814
Head Dimensions and Diameters of British Standard Rivets......Page 1815
Torque and Tension in Fasteners......Page 1816
Preload for Bolts In Shear......Page 1817
General Application of Preload......Page 1818
Coefficients of Friction for Bolts and Nuts......Page 1819
Methods of Applying and Measuring Preload......Page 1820
Elongation Measurement......Page 1821
Calculating Thread Tensile-Stress Area......Page 1823
Relation between Torque and Clamping Force......Page 1824
Obtaining Torque and Friction Coefficients......Page 1826
Torque-Tension Relationships......Page 1827
Grade Marks and Material Properties for Bolts and Screws......Page 1829
Working Strength of Bolts......Page 1830
Formulas for Stress Areas and Lengths of Engagement of Screw Threads......Page 1831
Lock Wire Procedure Detail......Page 1832
Differentiation between Bolt and Screw......Page 1833
Square and Hex Bolts, Screws, and Nuts......Page 1834
Heavy Hex Structural Bolts......Page 1835
Hex and Heavy Hex Bolts......Page 1836
Heavy Hex Screws......Page 1837
Square Lag Screws......Page 1838
Hex Lag Screws......Page 1839
Hex Nuts and Jam Nuts......Page 1840
Heavy Hex Flat Nuts......Page 1841
Heavy Hex Slotted Nuts......Page 1842
Square Nuts......Page 1843
Low and High Crown Nuts......Page 1844
T-Head Bolts......Page 1846
Round Head Fin Neck Bolts......Page 1847
Round Head Ribbed Neck Bolts......Page 1848
Countersunk Square Neck Bolts......Page 1849
Countersunk Bolts......Page 1850
Wrench Clearance Dimensions......Page 1851
Type A Plain Washers......Page 1853
ANSI Standard Plain Washers......Page 1854
Type B Plain Washers......Page 1855
American National Standard Helical Spring and Tooth Lock Washers ANSI/ASME B18.21.1-1994......Page 1856
Helical Spring Lock Washers......Page 1857
Tooth Lock Washers......Page 1859
Comparison with ISO Standards......Page 1861
Metric Hex Cap Screws......Page 1862
Metric Formed Hex Screws......Page 1863
Metric Screw and Bolt Diameters......Page 1864
Metric Hex Screws and Bolts......Page 1865
Metric Hex Lag Screws......Page 1866
Hex Flange Screws......Page 1867
Round Head Square Neck Bolts......Page 1868
Heavy Hex Structural Bolts......Page 1870
Materials and Mechanical Properties......Page 1871
Metric Screw and Bolt Thread Lengths......Page 1872
Metric Hex Lag Screws......Page 1873
Cap Screws, Screws Hex Flange......Page 1874
Round Head Square Neck Bolts......Page 1875
Socket Head Cap Screws......Page 1876
Clearance Holes......Page 1877
Drill and Counterbore Sizes......Page 1878
Drilled Head Dimensions......Page 1879
Socket Head Cap Screws......Page 1880
Metric Nuts......Page 1881
Materials and Mechanical Properties......Page 1882
Hex Nuts......Page 1883
Metric Nut Thread Series......Page 1884
Types of Metric Prevailing-Torque Type Nuts......Page 1885
Metric Nut Designation......Page 1887
Metric Plain Washer Designation......Page 1889
British Standard Screwed Studs......Page 1891
Whitworth (BSW) and Fine (BSF) Precision Hexagon Bolts, Screws, and Nuts......Page 1892
ISO Metric Precision Hexagon Bolts, Screws and Nuts......Page 1895
Hexagon Bolts and Screws......Page 1896
Hexagon Nuts and Thin Nuts......Page 1897
Hexagon Slotted Nuts......Page 1898
Nominal Lengths......Page 1899
Bolt and Nut Combinations......Page 1901
British Standard Studs......Page 1902
British Standard Spring Washers......Page 1903
Double Coil Washers......Page 1904
British Standard for Metric Series Metal Washers......Page 1905
Square and Hexagon Machine Screw Nuts......Page 1908
Slotted Flat Countersunk Head......Page 1909
Washer Head Machine Screws......Page 1911
Slotted Truss Head......Page 1912
Slotted Pan Head......Page 1913
Slotted Fillister......Page 1914
Slotted Oval Countersunk Head......Page 1915
Slotted Binding Head......Page 1916
ANSI Metric Machine Screws......Page 1917
Thread Lengths......Page 1918
Square Recessed Flat Countersunk Head......Page 1919
Oval Countersunk Head......Page 1920
Square Recessed Pan Head......Page 1921
Hex and Hex Flange Head......Page 1923
Nominal Screw Lengths......Page 1925
British Standard Machine Screws and Machine Screw Nuts, Metric Series......Page 1926
Slotted Countersunk Head......Page 1928
Slotted Raised Countersunk Head......Page 1929
Machine Screw Nuts......Page 1931
Slotted Pan Head......Page 1932
Slotted Cheese Head......Page 1933
British Unified Machine Screws and Nuts......Page 1935
Whitworth Machine Screws......Page 1938
Slotted Head Cap Screws......Page 1939
Slotted Round......Page 1940
Hexagon and Spline Socket......Page 1941
Drill and Counterbore Size......Page 1942
Hexagon and Spline Socket......Page 1943
Socket Head Shoulder Screws......Page 1945
Slotted Headless Set Screws......Page 1946
Screw Optional Cup Points......Page 1947
Hexagon and Spline Sockets......Page 1948
Square Head Set Screws......Page 1949
Hexagon and Spline Keys and Bits......Page 1951
British Standard Hexagon Socket Screws - Metric Series......Page 1953
Button Head Screws......Page 1957
Holding Power of Set-Screws......Page 1958
Bright Square Head Set-Screws......Page 1959
ANSI Standard Sheet Metal, Self-Tapping, and Metallic Drive Screws......Page 1960
Method of Designation......Page 1961
Self-Tapping Screws......Page 1962
Cross Recesses......Page 1963
Thread Forming Tapping Screws......Page 1964
B and BP Thread......Page 1965
Thread and Point Dimensions......Page 1966
D, F, G, and T Thread......Page 1967
Hole Sizes......Page 1968
Types AB, B, and BP Screws......Page 1969
Types D, F, G, and T Screws......Page 1971
Types BF and BT Screws......Page 1974
ANSI Standard Metric Thread Forming and Thread Cutting Tapping Screws......Page 1975
Threads and Points......Page 1976
Method of Designation......Page 1977
Nominal Screw Lengths......Page 1978
Material and Heat Treatment......Page 1979
Approximate Installation Hole Sizes for Metric Tapping Screws......Page 1980
Clean-Punched Hole Sizes......Page 1981
Types BF and BT Metric Thread......Page 1984
T-Slots......Page 1985
T-Bolts......Page 1986
T-Nuts......Page 1987
Cotter Pins......Page 1988
British Standard for Metric Series Dowel Pins......Page 1989
Steel Dowel Pins......Page 1990
Hardened Ground Machine Dowel Pins......Page 1991
American National Standard Hardened Ground Production Dowel Pins......Page 1992
American National Standard Unhardened Ground Dowel Pins......Page 1993
American National Standard Straight Pins......Page 1994
American National Standard Taper Pins......Page 1995
Drilling Specifications for Taper Pins.......Page 1996
American National Standard Grooved Pins.......Page 1998
American National Standard Grooved T-Head Cotter Pins and Round Head Grooved Drive Studs.......Page 1999
Grooved Drive Studs......Page 2002
American National Standard Spring Pins.......Page 2003
Coiled Type Spring Pins......Page 2004
Tapered Retaining Rings......Page 2005
Reduced Cross Section......Page 2008
Basic Internal Series......Page 2011
E-Type External Series......Page 2013
Heavy Duty Internal Spiral......Page 2018
Heavy Duty External Spiral......Page 2020
Dimensions of Retaining Rings......Page 2022
Inch Series Self-Locking......Page 2028
Retaining Ring Failure......Page 2030
Retaining Ring Standards......Page 2031
Wing Nuts......Page 2033
Threads for Wing Nuts......Page 2036
Wing and Thumb Screws......Page 2037
Types A and B Wing Screws......Page 2038
Types C and D Wing Screws......Page 2039
Types A and B Thumb Screws......Page 2040
Points for Wing and Thumb Screws......Page 2041
Threads and Threading......Page 2042
American National and Unified Screw Thread Forms......Page 2046
International Metric Thread System......Page 2047
Definitions of Screw Threads......Page 2048
Thread Form......Page 2053
Thread Series......Page 2054
Inch Screw Thread......Page 2055
Diameter-Pitch Combinations......Page 2056
Standard Series and Selected Combinations......Page 2057
Coarse-Thread Series......Page 2084
Fine-Thread Series......Page 2085
Constant Pitch Series......Page 2086
4 - Thread Series......Page 2087
6 - Thread Series......Page 2088
8 - Thread Series......Page 2089
12 - Thread Series......Page 2090
16 - Thread Series......Page 2091
20 - Thread Series......Page 2092
32 - Thread Series......Page 2093
Coated 60-deg Threads......Page 2094
Screw Thread Designation......Page 2096
Internal Thread Minor Diameter Tolerances......Page 2097
Design Forms of Threads......Page 2098
Design Thread Form......Page 2099
Formulas for Basic Dimensions......Page 2100
Limits of Size and Tolerances......Page 2101
Minimum Root Flats......Page 2102
British Standard Unified Screw Threads of UNJ Basic Profile......Page 2103
Definitions......Page 2104
M Crest and Root Form......Page 2105
Mechanical Fastener Coarse Pitch......Page 2106
M Profile Data......Page 2107
Limits and Fits for Metric Screw Threads - M Profile......Page 2108
Formulas for M Profile Screw Thread Limiting Dimensions......Page 2114
Standard M Profile Screw Threads, Limits of Size......Page 2118
Internal Metric Thread......Page 2119
External Metric Thread......Page 2121
Metric Screw Thread Designations......Page 2124
Diameter-Pitch Combinations......Page 2125
Comparison of ISO and DIN Standards......Page 2128
Trapezoidal Metric Thread......Page 2134
Basic Profile......Page 2135
Fundamental Deviations......Page 2136
Tolerance Classes......Page 2137
Designation......Page 2138
Fundamental Deviation Formulas......Page 2139
Limits and Tolerances......Page 2140
Limits and Tolerances for Finished Uncoated Threads......Page 2143
Diameter/Pitch Combinations......Page 2144
A Comparison of Maximum Metal Dimensions......Page 2145
General Purpose Acme Threads......Page 2146
Multiple Start Acme Threads......Page 2148
Formulas for Determining Diameters......Page 2149
Single-Start Screw Thread Data......Page 2152
Centralizing Acme Threads......Page 2153
Basic Dimensions......Page 2156
Formulas for Determining Diameters......Page 2158
Limiting Dimensions......Page 2159
Screw Thread Data......Page 2161
Pitch Diameter Tolerances......Page 2162
Tolerances and Allowances......Page 2163
American National Standard Stub Acme Threads......Page 2164
Formulas for Determining Diameters......Page 2165
Limiting Dimensions......Page 2166
Former 60-Degree Stub Thread......Page 2167
10-Degree Modified Square Thread:......Page 2169
Lowenherz or Löwenherz Thread......Page 2170
Pitch Combinations......Page 2171
Class 2 Tolerances......Page 2172
Example Showing Dimensions for a Typical Buttress Thread......Page 2176
Designation Sequence for Buttress Inch Screw Threads......Page 2177
Tolerance Formulas......Page 2178
Basic Dimensions......Page 2179
American National Standard Taper Pipe Threads......Page 2181
Basic Dimensions......Page 2182
Tolerances on Thread Elements......Page 2183
Limits on Crest and Root......Page 2184
Straight Pipe Threads for Mechanical Joints, NPSM, NPSL, and NPSH......Page 2185
Limitation of Assembly......Page 2187
Special Dryseal Threads......Page 2189
British Standard Pipe Threads for Non-pressure-tight Joints......Page 2190
British Standard Pipe Threads for Pressure-tight Joints......Page 2191
Limits of Size......Page 2192
ANSI Standard Hose Coupling Screw Threads......Page 2193
Hose Coupling Threads......Page 2194
American National Fire Hose Connection Screw Thread......Page 2195
Basic Dimensions......Page 2196
Limits of Size......Page 2197
Interference-Fit Threads......Page 2198
Design and Application Data for Class 5 Interference-Fit Threads......Page 2199
Internal Thread Dimensions......Page 2200
Engagement Lengths......Page 2201
Tolerances for Coarse Thread......Page 2202
Variations in Lead and Diameter......Page 2203
SAE Spark-Plug Screw Threads......Page 2204
Lamp Base and Socket Shell Threads......Page 2205
British Association Standard Thread (BA)......Page 2206
American Microscope Objective Thread (AMO)......Page 2207
Swiss Screw Thread......Page 2210
Casing Thread......Page 2211
Harvey Grip Thread......Page 2212
Sellers Screw Thread......Page 2213
Measuring Screw Thread Pitch Diameters by Thread Micrometers......Page 2214
Measuring Screw Threads by Three-wire Method......Page 2215
Accuracy of Formulas for Checking Pitch Diameters by Three-Wire Method......Page 2216
Wire Sizes for Checking Pitch Diameters of Screw Threads......Page 2217
Approximate Three-Wire Formulas That Do Not Compensate for Lead Angle......Page 2218
Notation Used in Formulas for Checking Pitch Diameters by Three-Wire Method......Page 2219
Why Small Thread Angle Affects Accuracy of Three-Wire Measurement......Page 2220
Buckingham Simplified Formula which Includes Effect of Lead Angle......Page 2222
Buckingham Exact Involute Helicoid Formula Applied to Screw Threads......Page 2224
Accuracy of Formulas (3) and (4) Compared......Page 2225
Three-Wire Method for Checking Thickness of Acme Threads......Page 2226
Testing Angle of Thread by Three-Wire Method......Page 2227
Best Wire Diameters......Page 2228
Measuring Taper Screw Threads by Three-Wire Method......Page 2230
Buttress Threads......Page 2231
American National Standard for Gages and Gaging for Unified Inch Screw Threads ANSI/ASME B1.2-1983 (R2001)......Page 2232
Thread Gage Tolerances......Page 2235
Tolerances for Plain Cylindrical Gages......Page 2237
Formulas for Limits......Page 2239
Selection of Taps......Page 2240
Tapping Specific Materials......Page 2242
Diameter of Tap Drill......Page 2245
Hole Size Limits......Page 2246
Tap Drill Sizes......Page 2254
Factors Influencing Minor Diameter Tolerances of Tapped Holes......Page 2255
Recommended Hole Sizes before Tapping......Page 2256
Hole Sizes for Tapping Unified Miniature Screw Threads......Page 2257
ISO Metric Threads......Page 2258
British Standard Clearance Holes for Metric Bolts and Screws......Page 2259
Cold Form Tapping......Page 2260
Core Hole Sizes......Page 2261
Power for Pipe Taps......Page 2262
High-Speed CNC Tapping......Page 2263
Combined Drilling and Tapping......Page 2264
Relief Angles for Single-Point Thread Cutting Tools......Page 2265
Fractional Threads......Page 2267
Change Gears for Fractional Ratios......Page 2268
Modifying the Quick-Change Gearbox Output......Page 2269
Lathe Change-gears......Page 2271
Relieving Helical-Fluted Hobs......Page 2272
Rate of Production......Page 2273
Thread Rolling in Automatic Screw Machines......Page 2274
Kind of Thread on Roll and Its Shape......Page 2275
Speeds and Feeds for Thread Rolling......Page 2276
Thread Grinding with Single-Edge Wheel......Page 2278
Multi-ribbed Wheels......Page 2279
Wheel and Work Rotation......Page 2280
Wheel Hardness or Grade......Page 2281
Thread Grinding by Centerless Method......Page 2282
Multiple-cutter Method......Page 2283
Classes of Work for Thread Milling Machines......Page 2284
Lead of a Milling Machine......Page 2285
Helix......Page 2286
Helix Angles......Page 2287
Change Gears for Different Leads......Page 2288
Lead of Helix......Page 2298
Change Gears and Angles......Page 2301
Lead of Tooth Given Pitch Radius and Helix Angle......Page 2303
Simple Indexing......Page 2304
Compound Indexing......Page 2305
Simple and Compound Indexing......Page 2306
Tables for Angular Indexing......Page 2311
Angular Values of One-Hole Moves for B&S and Cincinnati Index Plates......Page 2312
Accurate Angular Indexing......Page 2313
Approximate Indexing for Small Angles......Page 2328
Finding Ratio of Gearing for Differential Indexing......Page 2329
When Compound Gearing Is Required......Page 2330
To Check the Number of Divisions Obtained with a Given Gear Ratio and Index Movement......Page 2331
Simple and Differential Indexing......Page 2332
Indexing Movements Plates......Page 2338
Indexing Movements for High Numbers......Page 2339
Block or Multiple Indexing for Gear Cutting......Page 2342
Indexing Movements for 60-Tooth......Page 2344
Linear Indexing Movements......Page 2345
Counter Milling......Page 2346
Gears, Splines and Cams......Page 2347
Definitions of Gear Terms......Page 2350
Properties of the Involute Curve......Page 2354
Pitch Diameters Obtained with Diametral Pitch System......Page 2355
Formulas for Spur Gears......Page 2356
American National Standard Coarse Pitch Spur Gear Tooth Forms......Page 2357
Gear Tooth Parts......Page 2359
American National Standard Tooth Proportions for Fine-Pitch Involute Spur and Helical Gears......Page 2360
Other American Spur Gear Standards......Page 2361
Basic Gear Dimensions......Page 2362
Formulas for Outside and Root Diameters......Page 2363
Gears for Given Center Distance and Ratio......Page 2364
Circular Thickness of Tooth when Outside Diameter is Standard......Page 2366
Chordal Thickness of Tooth when Outside Diameter is Standard......Page 2367
Chordal Addendum......Page 2370
Enlarged Pinion......Page 2371
Caliper Measurement of Gear Tooth......Page 2372
Increasing Pinion Diameter to Avoid Undercut or Interference......Page 2373
Finishing Gear Milling Cutters......Page 2375
Dimensions Required......Page 2376
Tooth Proportions Pinions......Page 2377
Enlarged Center-distance System for Enlarged Pinions......Page 2379
Contact Diameter......Page 2380
Lowest Point of Single Tooth Contact......Page 2381
True Involute Form Diameter......Page 2382
Profile Checker Settings......Page 2383
Gear Blanks for Fine-pitch Gears......Page 2385
Specifying Spur and Helical Gear Data on Drawings......Page 2386
Determining Proper Amount of Backlash......Page 2388
Helical, and Herringbone Gearing......Page 2389
Bevel and Hypoid Gears......Page 2390
Control of Backlash Allowances in Production......Page 2391
Measurement of Backlash......Page 2392
Allowance and Tolerance......Page 2393
Pressure for Composite Checking of Fine-Pitch Gears......Page 2394
Relative Sizes of Internal Gear and Pinion......Page 2395
Rules for Internal Gears......Page 2396
British Standard For Spur and Helical Gears......Page 2397
BS 436, Part 3:1986 "Spur and Helical Gears"......Page 2398
ISO TC/600......Page 2399
Standards Nomenclature......Page 2400
Hypoid Gears......Page 2401
Types of Bevel Gears......Page 2402
Notes on the Design of Bevel Gear Blanks......Page 2404
Cutting Bevel Gear Teeth......Page 2405
Formulas for Dimensions of Milled Bevel Gears......Page 2406
Numbers of Formed Cutters......Page 2410
Use of Table for Selecting Formed Cutters for Milling Bevel Gears......Page 2412
Offset of Cutter for Milling Bevel Gears......Page 2413
Adjusting the Gear Blank for Milling......Page 2414
Steels Used for Bevel Gear......Page 2415
American Standard Design for Fine-pitch Worm Gearing (ANSI B69-1977)......Page 2416
Formulas for Wormgears......Page 2417
Multi-thread Worms......Page 2419
Determining Direction of Thrust......Page 2420
Pitch of Cutter to be Used......Page 2421
Shafts Parallel, Center Distance Approximate......Page 2422
Shafts Parallel, Center Distance Exact......Page 2423
Shafts at Right Angles, Center Distance Approx......Page 2424
Shafts at Right Angles, Center Distance Exact......Page 2425
Shafts at Right Angles, Any Ratio, Helix Angle for Minimum Center Distance......Page 2426
Shafts at Any Angle, Center Distance Approx......Page 2427
Shafts at Any Angle, Center Distance Exact......Page 2428
Selecting Cutter for Milling Helical Gears......Page 2429
Milling the Helical Teeth......Page 2430
American National Standard Fine-Pitch Teeth For Helical Gears......Page 2431
Center Distance at Which Modified Mating Helical Gears Will Mesh with no Backlash......Page 2432
Change-gears for Helical Gear Hobbing......Page 2433
Elliptic Gears......Page 2435
Planetary Bevel Gears......Page 2436
Ratios of Planetary or Epicyclic Gearing......Page 2437
Types of Ratchet Gearing......Page 2440
Pitch of Ratchet Wheel Teeth......Page 2441
German Standard Tooth......Page 2442
Tooth Dimensions......Page 2443
Rules for Module System......Page 2444
Equivalent Diametral Pitches, Circular Pitches......Page 2445
Measurements for Checking External Spur Gears when Wire Diameter Equals 1.728 Divided by Diametral Pitch......Page 2446
Measurement Over Wires......Page 2447
Checking Internal Spur Gear......Page 2451
Measurements for Checking External Spur Gears when Wire Diameter Equals 1.68 Divided by Diametral Pitch......Page 2455
Measurements for Checking Helical Gears using Wires or Balls......Page 2460
Checking Spur Gear Size by Chordal Measurement Over Two or More Teeth......Page 2461
Formula for Chordal Dimension M......Page 2463
Checking Enlarged Pinions by Measuring Over Pins or Wires......Page 2464
Heat-Treatment that Permits Machining......Page 2465
Forged and Rolled Alloy Steels for Gears......Page 2466
Effect of Alloying Metals on Gear Steels......Page 2467
Bronze and Brass Gear Castings......Page 2468
Non-metallic Gearing......Page 2470
Safe Working Stresses......Page 2471
Keyway Stresses for Non-metallic Gears......Page 2472
Invention of Gear Teeth......Page 2473
Spur Gear......Page 2474
Helical Gears......Page 2476
American National Standard Involute Splines......Page 2477
Terms Applied to Involute Splines......Page 2478
Types of Involute Spline......Page 2479
Symbols......Page 2481
Formulas for Basic Dimensions......Page 2482
Classes of Tolerances......Page 2483
Maximum Tolerances......Page 2484
Fillets and Chamfers......Page 2485
Effective and Actual Dimensions......Page 2486
Use of Effective and Actual Dimensions......Page 2487
Interchangeability......Page 2488
Estimating Key and Spline Sizes and Lengths......Page 2490
Formulas for Torque Capacity of Involute Splines......Page 2491
Load Distribution Factors......Page 2492
Allowable Shear Stresses......Page 2493
Crowned Splines for Large Misalignments......Page 2494
Involute Spline Inspection Methods......Page 2495
Measurements with Pins......Page 2496
American National Standard Metric Module Splines......Page 2497
Comparison of Symbols......Page 2499
Formulas for Dimensions and Tolerances......Page 2500
Tooth Thickness Total Tolerance,......Page 2501
Selected Fit Classes......Page 2502
British Standard Striaght Splines......Page 2503
SAE Standard Spline Fittings......Page 2504
Standard Spline Fittings......Page 2505
Dimensions of SAE Standard Splines......Page 2506
Polygon-Type Shaft Connections......Page 2507
Cam Follower Systems......Page 2509
Displacement Diagrams......Page 2510
Displacement Diagram Synthesis......Page 2513
Cam Profile Determination......Page 2515
Modified Constant Velocity Cam......Page 2516
Pressure Angle and Radius of Curvature......Page 2518
Determination of Cam Size for a Radial or an Offset Translating Follower......Page 2519
Determination of Cam Size for Swinging Roller Follower......Page 2521
Formulas for Calculating Pressure Angles......Page 2522
Radius of Curvature......Page 2524
Cam Forces, Contact Stresses, and Materials......Page 2526
Calculation of Contact Stresses......Page 2531
Shape of Rolls for Cylinder Cams......Page 2532
Cam Milling......Page 2533
Simple Method for Cutting Uniform Motion Cams......Page 2534
Machine Elements......Page 2535
Types of Journal Bearings......Page 2539
Modes of Bearing Operation......Page 2542
Methods of Sealing......Page 2544
Hardness and Surface Finish......Page 2546
Methods of Lubrication......Page 2547
Lubricant Selection......Page 2548
Greases and Solid Lubricants......Page 2550
Grooving and Oil Feeding......Page 2551
Heat Radiating Capacity......Page 2552
Journal Bearing Design Notation......Page 2553
Journal Bearing Lubrication Analysis......Page 2554
Sleeve Bearing Pressures......Page 2555
Use of Lubrication Analysis......Page 2560
Thrust Bearings......Page 2563
Thrust Bearing Design Notation......Page 2564
Flat Plate Thrust Bearing Design......Page 2565
Step Thrust Bearing Design......Page 2570
Tapered Land Thrust Bearing Design......Page 2572
Tilting Pad Thrust Bearing Design......Page 2577
Properties of Bearing Materials......Page 2581
Bearing and Bushing Alloys......Page 2582
Babbitt or White Metal Alloys......Page 2583
Copper-Lead......Page 2584
Cast Iron......Page 2585
Plastics Bearings......Page 2586
Carbon-Graphite......Page 2587
Copper- and Iron-Base Sintered Bearings......Page 2588
Types of Anti-friction Bearings......Page 2590
Types of Ball Bearings......Page 2591
Types of Roller Bearings......Page 2593
Types of Ball and Roller Thrust Bearings......Page 2594
Types of Needle Bearings......Page 2595
Plastics Bearings......Page 2597
Standard Method of Bearing Designation......Page 2598
Radial Needle Roller Bearings......Page 2599
Ball and Roller Bearings......Page 2600
Thrust Bearings......Page 2604
Needle Roller Bearings,......Page 2606
Metric Radial Ball and Roller Bearing Shaft and Housing Fits......Page 2607
Needle Roller Bearing Fitting and Mounting Practice......Page 2612
Mountings for Precision and Quiet-running Applications......Page 2615
Squareness and Alignment......Page 2616
Soft Metal and Resilient Housings......Page 2617
Clamping and Retaining Methods......Page 2618
Friction Losses in Rolling Element Bearings......Page 2623
Selection of Ball and Roller Bearings......Page 2624
Method of Lubrication......Page 2625
Radial and Axial Clearance......Page 2626
General Bearing Handling Precautions......Page 2627
Ball and Roller Bearing Life......Page 2628
Limitations for Ball Bearings......Page 2629
Ball Bearing Rating Life......Page 2630
Roller Bearing Types Covered......Page 2634
Roller Bearing Rating Life......Page 2635
Life Adjustment Factors......Page 2639
Ball Bearing Static Load Rating......Page 2640
Roller Bearing Static Equivalent Load......Page 2643
Ordering Specifications......Page 2645
Preferred Ball Gages......Page 2646
Preferred Ball Sizes......Page 2649
Number of Metal Balls per Pound......Page 2651
Number of Metal Balls per Kilogram......Page 2652
Lubricating Oils......Page 2653
Viscosity......Page 2654
Application of Lubricating Oils......Page 2655
Gravity Lubrication Systems......Page 2656
Oil Mist Systems......Page 2657
Types of Grease......Page 2658
Relubricating with Grease......Page 2659
Anti-friction Bearing Lubrication......Page 2660
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication......Page 2663
Viscosity-pressure relationship......Page 2666
Safety Flange Couplings......Page 2667
Double-cone Clamping Couplings......Page 2668
The Universal Joint......Page 2669
Friction Clutches......Page 2670
Power Transmitted by Disk Clutches......Page 2671
Formulas for Cone Clutches......Page 2672
Angle of Cone......Page 2673
Wrapped-spring Clutches......Page 2674
Positive Clutches......Page 2675
Cutting Clutch Teeth......Page 2676
Formulas for Band Brakes......Page 2679
Calculating Horsepower from Dynamometer Tests......Page 2681
Horsepower of Friction Wheels......Page 2683
Key Size Versus Shaft Diameter......Page 2684
Plain and Gib Head Keys......Page 2687
ANSI Standard Woodruff Keys and Keyseats......Page 2689
Woodruff Keys......Page 2690
Keyseat Dimensions......Page 2692
British Standard Metric Keys and Keyways......Page 2695
Preferred Lengths of Metric Keys......Page 2701
Parallel Keys, Keyways, and Keybars......Page 2702
Taper Keys and Keyways,......Page 2704
Dimensions and Tolerances of British Woodruff Keys and Keyways......Page 2706
Preferred Lengths of Plain (Parallel or Taper) and Gib-head Keys......Page 2708
Pulley Center Distances and Belt Lengths......Page 2709
Pulley Diameters in Compound Drive......Page 2710
Length of Belt Traversing Three Pulleys......Page 2711
Flat Belting......Page 2712
Flat Belt Pulleys......Page 2713
Narrow V-Belts ANSI/RMA IP-22......Page 2714
Standard Effective Lengths......Page 2715
Sheave and Groove Dimensions......Page 2716
Sheave Outside Diameters......Page 2718
Cross Section Correction Factors......Page 2719
Classical V-Belts ANSI/RMA IP-20......Page 2720
Standard Datum Length......Page 2721
Sheave and Groove Dimensions......Page 2722
Length Correction Factors......Page 2726
Double V-Belts ANSI/RMA IP-21......Page 2727
Sheave and Groove Dimensions......Page 2728
Terms for Double V-belt Calculations......Page 2731
Allowable Tight Side Tension......Page 2732
Belt Size Designation......Page 2735
V-Belt Standard Dimensions......Page 2736
Sheave and Groove Dimensions......Page 2737
Nominal Dimensions......Page 2738
Sheave and Groove Dimensions......Page 2739
Standard Effective Lengths......Page 2741
Arc of Contact Correction Factors......Page 2742
Normal Variable-Speed Belt Dimensions......Page 2743
Standard Belt Lengths......Page 2744
Sheave and Groove Dimensions......Page 2745
Speed Ratio Correction Factors......Page 2748
Length Correction Factors......Page 2749
Belt Storage and Handling......Page 2750
Service Factors for V-Belts......Page 2752
Synchronous Belts ANSI/RMA IP-24......Page 2753
Service Factors for Synchronous Belt Drives......Page 2754
Pulley and Flange Dimensions......Page 2755
Pitch Lengths and Tolerances......Page 2756
Widths and Tolerances......Page 2757
Pulley Diameters......Page 2758
Pulley Tolerances......Page 2759
Teeth in Mesh Factor......Page 2760
Belt Width Factor......Page 2761
Types of Roller Chains......Page 2762
Roller Chain Parts......Page 2763
ANSI Roller Chain Dimensions......Page 2764
Types of Sprockets......Page 2765
Straight and Bent Link Plate......Page 2766
Sprocket Diameters......Page 2767
Tolerances on the Caliper Diameters......Page 2769
Profile Dimension......Page 2770
Proportions of Single-Strand and Multiple-Strand Cast Roller Chain Sprockets......Page 2771
Selection of Chain and Sprockets......Page 2772
Center Distance between Sprockets......Page 2777
Length of Driving Chain......Page 2778
Tooth Form for Roller Chain......Page 2779
Standard Hob Design......Page 2780
Standard Space Cutters......Page 2781
Sprocket Materials......Page 2782
Roller Chain Drive Service Factors......Page 2783
Installation and Alignment......Page 2784
Example of Roller Chain Drive Design Procedure......Page 2785
Design Letters of Polyphase Integral-horsepower Motors......Page 2786
Locked-rotor Torque......Page 2787
Standard Direction of Motor Rotation......Page 2788
Characteristics of Series-wound Direct-Current Motors......Page 2789
Adjustable-voltage Shunt-wound Motor Drive......Page 2790
Operating Characteristics of Squirrel-cage Induction Motors......Page 2791
Synchronous Motors......Page 2792
Characteristics of Single-Phase Alternating-Current Motors......Page 2793
Speed, Horsepower, Torque and Inertia Requirements......Page 2794
Space Limitations in Motor Selection......Page 2795
Motors Exposed to Injurious Conditions......Page 2796
Applications of DC Motors,......Page 2797
Polyphase AC Motors......Page 2798
Monthly or Bimonthly Inspection......Page 2799
Annual or Biannual Inspection......Page 2800
Types of Adhesives......Page 2801
Types of Adhesives......Page 2802
Types of Adhesives......Page 2803
Retaining Compounds......Page 2804
Types of Sealants......Page 2805
Tapered Pipe-thread Sealing......Page 2806
Anaerobic Pipe Sealants......Page 2807
Open-Loop Systems......Page 2808
Closed-Loop Systems......Page 2809
Control Function......Page 2811
Mechanical Stiffness......Page 2812
Electric Motors......Page 2813
Gearing......Page 2814
Feedback Transducers......Page 2815
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems......Page 2816
Hydraulic Fluids......Page 2817
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Control Systems......Page 2818
Hydraulic Control Systems......Page 2819
Proportional Control Systems......Page 2820
Pneumatic Systems......Page 2821
O-Rings......Page 2823
Gland Depth......Page 2824
Clearance and Groove Sizes......Page 2826
Typical O-Ring Compounds......Page 2827
Ring Materials......Page 2828
Hot-Rolled Structural Steel......Page 2829
Steel Wide-Flange......Page 2830
Steel S Sections......Page 2834
Steel Channels......Page 2835
Steel Angles with Equal Legs......Page 2836
Angles with Unequal Legs......Page 2837
Aluminum Structural Shapes......Page 2839
Gages for Wall Thicknesses of Tubing......Page 2840
Properties of Perforated Materials......Page 2842
Sheet-Metal Gages......Page 2843
Metric Sizes for Flat Metal Products......Page 2844
Preferred Metric Thicknesses......Page 2845
Letter Drill Sizes......Page 2846
Wrought Steel Pipe......Page 2847
Weights and Dimensions......Page 2848
Properties of Schedule Pipe......Page 2850
Volume of Flow......Page 2852
Dimensions and Weights......Page 2853
Properties and Uses......Page 2854
Temperature-Correction Factors......Page 2855
Definitions of Pipe Fittings......Page 2856
Measuring Units......Page 2860
ANSI Abbreviations for Scientific and Engineering Terms......Page 2861
Mathematical Signs and Commonly Used Abbreviations......Page 2863
Letter Symbols for Mechanics and Time-Related Phenomena......Page 2864
The International System of Units (SI)......Page 2865
Binary Multiples......Page 2867
Fundamental Constants......Page 2869
Linear Measure Conversion Factors......Page 2870
Inches to Feet and Yards Conversion......Page 2871
Fractional Inches to Decimal Feet......Page 2872
Fractional Inch to Decimal Inch and Millimeter......Page 2873
Feet to Millimeters Conversion......Page 2874
Fractional Inches to Millimeters Conversion......Page 2875
Decimals of an Inch to Millimeters Conversion......Page 2877
Millimeters to Inches Conversion......Page 2879
Microinches to Micrometers (microns) Conversion......Page 2881
Micrometers (microns) to Microinches Conversion......Page 2882
Kilometers to Miles Conversion......Page 2883
Square Measure and Conversion Factors......Page 2884
Square Meters to Square Feet Conversion......Page 2885
Hectares to Acres Conversion......Page 2886
Cubic Measure and Conversion Factors......Page 2887
Cubic Centimeres to Cubic Inches Conversion......Page 2888
Liters to Cubic Feet Conversion......Page 2889
Liters to U.S. Gallons Conversion......Page 2890
Pitot Tube......Page 2891
Pounds to Kilograms Conversion......Page 2892
Density Conversion Factors......Page 2893
Kilograms per Cubic Meter to Pounds per Cubic Foot Conversion......Page 2894
Kilogram per Square Centimeter to Pounds per Square Inch Conversion......Page 2895
Kilopascals to Pounds Per Square Inch Conversion......Page 2896
Force Conversion Factors......Page 2897
Pound-Inches to Newton-Meters Conversion......Page 2898
Heat Conversion Factors......Page 2899
Kilojoules to British Thermal Units......Page 2900
Joules to Foot-Pounds Conversion......Page 2901
Energy and Work Conversion Factors......Page 2902
Fuel Oil, Coal and Gas Equivalents......Page 2903
Measures of the Quantity of Thermal Energy......Page 2904
Temperature Conversion......Page 2905
Additional Viscosity Conversion Factors......Page 2907
Ohm's Law......Page 2908
B......Page 2909
E......Page 2910
M......Page 2911
S......Page 2912
W......Page 2913
A......Page 2914
B......Page 2919
C......Page 2927
D......Page 2936
E......Page 2939
F......Page 2941
G......Page 2945
H......Page 2950
I......Page 2953
K......Page 2956
L......Page 2957
M......Page 2960
N......Page 2967
O......Page 2968
P......Page 2969
R......Page 2974
S......Page 2977
T......Page 2989
V......Page 2997
W......Page 2998
Z......Page 3002
A......Page 3003
B......Page 3021
C......Page 3022
D......Page 3028
F......Page 3029
I......Page 3030
L......Page 3031
M......Page 3032
N......Page 3033
O......Page 3034
P......Page 3035
S......Page 3037
T......Page 3046
W......Page 3048
Z......Page 3049
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition......Page 3050
B......Page 3052
D......Page 3053
H......Page 3054
M......Page 3055
N......Page 3056
P......Page 3057
S......Page 3058
T......Page 3060
Z......Page 3061
Table of Contents......Page 3062
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition......Page 3064
The Purpose of this Book......Page 3066
The Metric System......Page 3067
Table of Contents......Page 3070
Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition......Page 3071
2. Chordal Dimensions, Segments, and Spheres......Page 3074
3. Formulas and Their Rearrangement......Page 3078
4. Spreadsheet Calculations......Page 3092
5. Calculations Involving Logarithms of Numbers......Page 3102
6. Dimensions, Areas, and Volumes of Geometrical Figures......Page 3112
7. Geometrical Propositions and Constructions......Page 3116
8. Functions of Angles......Page 3120
9. Solution of Right-angle Triangles......Page 3128
10. Solution of Oblique Triangles......Page 3148
11. Figuring Tapers......Page 3158
12. Tolerances and Allowances For Machine Parts......Page 3164
13. Using Standards Data and Information......Page 3178
14. Standard Screw and Pipe Threads......Page 3183
15. Problems In Mechanics......Page 3192
16. Strength of Materials......Page 3208
17. Design of Shafts and Keys For Power Transmission......Page 3220
18. Splines......Page 3229
19. Problems in Designing and Cutting Gears......Page 3239
20. Cutting Speeds, Feeds, and Machining Power......Page 3266
21. Numerical Control......Page 3275
22. General Review Questions......Page 3282
23. Answers to Practice Exercises......Page 3291