Lymphatic Structure and Function in Health and Disease

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LYMPHATIC STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTION IN HEALTH
AND DISEASE
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
About the Editors
1
Introduction/overview
2
Ontogeny and phylogeny of lymphatics: Embryological aspect
	Historical background
	Ontogenic point of view
	Phylogenetic point of view
	Vasculogenetic point of view
	Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
3
Lymphatic pumping and pathological consequences of its dysfunction
	The lymphatic system
	Origin and mechanisms of lymphatic pumping
		Electrical activity and pacemaker of the lymphatic muscle
		Mechanisms of lymphatic contraction
		Regulation of lymphatic pumping
			Mechanical regulation
			Chemical regulation
	Lymphatic alterations during disease
		Lymphadenopathy
		Lymphangiogenesis
		Lymphangiectasia
	Lymphatic pumping in diseases
		Primary lymphedema
		Secondary lymphedema
		Changes during chronic inflammation
		Arthritic diseases
		Inflammatory bowel disease
		Metabolic syndrome and diabetes
		Cancer
	Targeting the lymphatic pump for therapeutic benefits
	Conclusions
	References
4
Hydrodynamic regulation of lymphatic vessel transport function and the impact of aging
	Concepts of intrinsic and extrinsic lymph pumps
		Intrinsic lymph pump
		Extrinsic lymph pump
	Modulation of the lymphatic vessel contractility by pressure/stretch
	Modulation of the lymphatic vessel contractility by intrinsic and extrinsic flows
	Histamine as endothelium-derived relaxing factor in mesenteric lymphatic vessels
	Influences of aging
	References
5
CNS lymphatics in health and disease
	Lymphatics of the central nervous system
		The perivascular pathway
		The glymphatic pathway
		The meningeal pathway
	The role of the lymphatic system in diseases of the CNS
		Alzheimer's disease
		Multiple sclerosis
		Cerebral ischemic injury and microinfarcts
		Aging
	Exploiting the CNS lymphatics for drug discovery
	Maximizing drug delivery into the lymphatics
	Summary
	Acknowledgments
	References
6
Defective development of the peripheral lymphatic system: Lymphatic malformations
	General aspects
	Embryological aspects
	Clinical aspects
	Genetic considerations (see Table 1)
	Management
	References
7
Cardiac lymphatics and cardiac lymph flow in health and disease
	Cardiac lymphatics
	Flow of lymph in the heart
	Lymphatics within different cardiac structures
	Cardiac inflammation and lymphatics
	Valves in lymphatic vessels
	Cardiac conditions that may be exacerbated by lymphatic obstruction, lymphangitis, or obliteration
	Effects of experimental ablation of cardiac lymphatics
	Experimental manipulation of lymphatics as a form of cardiac therapy
	Summary
	References
	Further reading
8
Lymphatic reconstruction
	Introduction
	History of surgical approaches for lymphatic reconstruction
	Current options for lymphatic reconstruction
		Lymphaticovenular anastomosis
		Vascularized lymph node transfer
		Lympholymphatic graft
	Conclusion
	References
Index
	A
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	R
	S
	T
	V
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