Lung Diseases and Cancer

Preface
Guest Editors
	Miguel ángel Martínez-García
	Mina Gaga
	Kwun M. Fong
Introduction
	References
Cancer immunosurveillance in respiratory diseases
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Influence of hypoxaemia and inflammation on the tumour micro-environment
		Chronic sustained hypoxia and inflammation
		IH and inflammation
	Hypoxia and tumour progression
		Chronic sustained hypoxia and TGF-β
		IH and TGF-β
	Immune checkpoints
		Chronic sustained hypoxia and immune checkpoints
		IH and immune checkpoints
	Other potential mechanisms
	Future challenges
	References
Respiratory infections and cancer
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Do respiratory infections contribute to cancer risk?
		Viral infections and cancer
		Bacterial infections and cancer
		Infection-induced inflammation and carcinogenesis
	Pneumonia in cancer patients
	Conclusion
	References
Continuous and intermittent hypoxia in cancer
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Activation of hypoxia-responsive pathways in cancers
	Continuous versus cyclic hypoxia in the tumour micro-environment
	The role of hypoxia in association with respiratory diseases in cancers
		Chronic, sustained hypoxia
		IH
	Conclusion and future directions
	References
Future challenges and their impact on respiratory health and lung cancer
	Abstract
	What are the environmental challenges in respiratory health?
	Air pollution and respiratory health
	Effects of air pollution during the COVID-19 pandemic
	The association between pollution and lung cancer
	Complicated interactions between the environment, respiratory health and cancer
	Actions needed to overcome challenges
		At the population or public level
		International collaborative efforts
	Conclusion
	References
Smoking, vaping, nicotine and the risk of cancer
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Tobacco carcinogens
	Tobacco-related cancers
		Lung cancer
		Cancer of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx
		Cancer of the oral cavity, oropharynx and hypopharynx
		Cancer of the larynx
		Cancers of the digestive tract
		Cancers of the urinary tract
		Genital cancer
		Breast cancer
		Haematological cancers
		Quitting smoking
	Vaping and cancer
	Nicotine and cancer
	References
Occupational exposure to respirable carcinogens and the risk of cancer
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Asbestos
	Silica
	SHS
	DEE
	Welding fumes
	General remarks
	References
Exposure to thoracic radiation and the risk of cancer
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Radiation biology
		Radiation harms
		Mechanism of radiation-induced malignancy
		Radiation dose
	Overview of risk estimation
	Therapeutic thoracic radiotherapy
		Lung cancer
		Breast cancer
		Hodgkin lymphoma
		Other malignancies
	Screening and diagnostic radiation
		Epidemiological studies informing risk of low-dose radiation exposure
		Screening
		Diagnostic imaging
	Modifiers of radiation-induced malignancy risk
	Conclusion
	References
COPD: the risk of cancer and the impact on cancer care
	Abstract
	Introduction
	COPD
	Epidemiology
	Clinico-pathological features including shared molecular pathogenesis with pulmonary cancer and nonpulmonary cancer
		COPD and pulmonary cancer
		COPD and nonpulmonary cancer
	Interaction of COPD and pulmonary cancer management
		Prognosis
		Surgery
		Radiotherapy
		Systemic therapy
			Small-molecule TKIs and ICI therapy
			Cytotoxic chemotherapy
	Interaction of COPD and nonpulmonary cancer management
		Prognosis
		Surgery
		Radiotherapy
		Systemic therapy
	Conclusion
	References
Emphysema: the risk of cancer and the impact on cancer care
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Emphysema definition, type, diagnosis and quantification
	Emphysema as a risk factor for lung cancer
	Impact of emphysema on cancer care
	Emphysema and surgery
	Emphysema and radiotherapy
	Emphysema and systemic treatments
	The role of emphysema in lung cancer prognosis
	Potential reasons to explain a poorer prognosis in patients with emphysema
	Conclusion
	References
Allergy: the risk of cancer and the impact on cancer care
	Abstract
	Introduction
	The complex relationship between allergy and cancer
	Immunosurveillance as a tumour-protective mechanism
	Inflammation as a tumour-promoting and/or suppressive mechanism
	Conclusion
	References
Cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis: the risk of cancer and the impact on cancer treatment
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Increased risk of cancer in pwCF
		The changing epidemiology of CF
		Increased risk of cancer in nontransplanted pwCF
		Increased risk of cancer following lung transplantation in pwCF
		Future trends in cancer in pwCF
	The risk of cancer in patients with bronchiectasis
	Biological plausibility of the statistical association with increased risk of cancer
		Risk of cancer in carriers of a single CFTR mutation
		Shared risk factors
	Impact of CF and bronchiectasis on the prevention and treatment of cancer
		Screening for colorectal cancer in adults with CF
		Screening for other cancers in patients with CF
		Controlling for risk factors and comorbidities
		Impact of CF or bronchiectasis on the treatment of cancers
	Conclusion
	References
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: the risk of cancer and the impact on cancer care
	Abstract
	What is IPF?
	Why is lung cancer often associated with IPF?
	How often is lung cancer associated with IPF?
	How is the diagnosis of lung cancer in patients with IPF made?
	What is the best therapeutic approach for the treatment of lung cancer associated with IPF?
	Is surgery an option for the treatment of lung cancer associated with IPF?
	Is chemotherapy an option for the treatment of lung cancer associated with IPF?
	Is radiotherapy an option for the treatment of lung cancer associated with IPF?
	Conclusion
	References
Other interstitial lung diseases: the risk of cancer and the impact on cancer care
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Standard features of ILD and lung cancer
	Risk of lung cancer in non-IPF ILDs
	Clinical presentation
	Histology of lung cancer related to ILD
	Impact on cancer care
	Treatment of lung cancer in ILD
	Conclusion
	References
Viruses and the risk of lung cancer: prevention and treatment
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Lung cancer in Europe
	Viruses and their relationship with lung cancer
		HPV
		EBV
		HIV
		CMV
		MV
		JSRV and JCV
	Prevention and treatment of oncogenic viruses
	COVID-19 and lung cancer: the future challenge of research
	Conclusion
	References
Pulmonary tuberculosis and the risk of cancer
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Cancer after TB: the risk of cancer in patients with current or prior TB
	TB after cancer: the risk of TB in patients with cancer and the role of immunosuppression
	Possible confusion between cancer and TB
	Conclusion
	References
Obstructive sleep apnoea and the risk of cancer
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Incidence of all-cause cancer in OSA patients
	Cancer aggressiveness and mortality in OSA
	OSA in specific types of cancer
		Melanoma
		Breast cancer
		Lung cancer
		Thyroid cancer
		Colorectal cancer
		Leukaemia
		Prostate cancer
		Malignant brain tumours
	Continuous positive airway pressure and cancer
	Future challenges
	References
Venous thromboembolism: an indicator of malignancy
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Cancer-associated thrombosis and occult cancer
	Evidence related to screening for occult cancer in patients with unprovoked VTE
	Ongoing studies
	Clinical practice guidelines and guidance documents
	Conclusion
	References
Pulmonary metastasis: from pathophysiology to management
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Aetiology and pathophysiology
	Epidemiology
	Clinical manifestations
	Diagnosis/differential diagnosis
	Imaging
	Management and treatment options
	Conclusion
	References
Pulmonary metastasis from haematological cancers
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
		Epidemiology data
		Specific clinical manifestations
		Specific radiological findings
		Issues in diagnosis/differential diagnosis
		Specific treatment options
		Prognosis
	Large B-cell lymphomas
		Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified
			Epidemiology data
			Specific clinical manifestations
			Specific radiological findings
			Issues in diagnosis/differential diagnosis
			Specific treatment options
			Prognosis
		Epstein–Barr virus-positive DLBCL, NOS
			Epidemiology data
			Specific clinical manifestations
			Specific radiological findings
			Issues in diagnosis/differential diagnosis
			Specific treatment options
			Prognosis
		Mantle cell lymphoma
			Epidemiology data
			Specific clinical manifestations
			Specific radiological findings
			Issues in diagnosis/differential diagnosis
			Specific treatment options
			Prognosis
		Lymphomatoid granulomatosis
			Epidemiology data
			Specific clinical manifestations
			Specific radiological findings
			Issues in diagnosis/differential diagnosis
			Specific treatment options
			Prognosis
	Human herpesvirus-8-associated lymphoproliferative disorders: multicentric Castleman disease
		Epidemiology data
		Specific clinical manifestations
		Specific radiological findings
		Issues in diagnosis/differential diagnosis
		Specific treatment options
		Prognosis
	Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma
		Epidemiology data
		Specific clinical manifestations
		Specific radiological findings
		Issues in diagnosis/differential diagnosis
		Specific treatment options
		Prognosis
	Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified
		Epidemiology data
		Specific clinical manifestations
		Specific radiological findings
		Issues in diagnosis/differential diagnosis
		Specific treatment options
		Prognosis
	Classical Hodgkin lymphoma
		Epidemiology data
		Specific clinical manifestations
		Specific radiological findings
		Issues in diagnosis/differential diagnosis
		Specific treatment options
		Prognosis
	Lymphomas associated with HIV infection
		Epidemiology data
		Specific clinical manifestations
		Specific radiological findings
		Issues in diagnosis/differential diagnosis
		Specific treatment options
		Prognosis
	Acute myeloid leukaemia
		Epidemiology data
		Specific clinical manifestations
		Specific radiological findings
		Issues in diagnosis/differential diagnosis
		Specific treatment options
		Prognosis
	Conclusion
	References
Pulmonary metastasis of solid tumours
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Breast cancer
		Epidemiology
		Clinical manifestations
		Treatment
		Prognosis
	Colorectal cancer
		Epidemiology
		Treatment
		Prognosis
	Gastrointestinal non-CRC
		Gastric/oesophageal cancer
		Pancreatic cancer
		Hepatobiliary cancer
		Small bowel cancer
	Germ cell tumours
		Epidemiology
		Clinical manifestations
		Treatment/prognosis
	Gynaecological cancer
		Ovarian cancer
			Epidemiology
			Clinical manifestations
			Treatment
			Prognosis
		Endometrial cancer
			Epidemiology
			Clinical manifestations
			Treatment/prognosis
		Cervical cancer
			Epidemiology
			Clinical manifestations
			Treatment
			Prognosis
	Head and neck cancer
		Epidemiology
		Clinical manifestations
		Treatment
		Prognosis
	Melanoma
		Epidemiology
		Clinical manifestations
		Treatment
		Prognosis
	Prostate cancer
		Epidemiology
		Clinical manifestations
		Treatment
		Prognosis
	Renal cell carcinoma
		Epidemiology
		Clinical manifestations
		Treatment
		Prognosis
	Thyroid cancer
	References
Interstitial abnormalities from solid and haematological cancers
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Importance of the lung interstitium in cancer
	Epidemiology of lung interstitial abnormalities from solid and haematological cancers: prevalence, patterns and causes
	Pathological features of lung interstitial involvement by cancer
	Pathogenic mechanisms of spread to the interstitium by cancer
	Radiological features
	Clinical presentations of cancer involving the lung interstitium: symptoms, signs and diagnostic approach
	Treatment of patients with cancer involving the lung interstitium
		Nonpharmacological therapies and best supportive care
		Pharmacological therapies
		Systemic therapy
	Conclusion
	References
Pulmonary infections in cancer patients
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Pathogenesis
	Bacterial pneumonia
	Atypical pneumonia
	Viral pneumonia
	Opportunistic pulmonary infection
	Tuberculosis
	Diagnosis of pulmonary infection in cancer patients
	Treatment of lung infections in cancer patients
		Antibiotics
		Antivirals
		Antifungals
		Complications
	Prevention: vaccination for pulmonary infections
	References
Pulmonary effects of cancer treatments
	Abstract
	Introduction
	ICIs
	TKIs
	Radiation-induced lung injury
	Chemotherapy-induced lung injury
	Treatment challenges, future perspectives and concluding remarks
	References
Biological and immunosuppressive therapies for lung disease: a potential reciprocal influence between their use and malignancy
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Biological drugs for lung diseases versus risk of malignancies
		Omalizumab
		Anti-IL-5 mAbs
		Dupilumab
		Tezepelumab
		TNF-α-targeting agents
		Other mAbs
	Effects of malignancy on the immune system and drug efficacy
		Malignancy and eosinophils
		Immune checkpoints, malignancy and lung diseases
		Malignancy and biological therapy
		Malignancy immunotherapy, biological therapy and lung diseases
	Pulmonary immunosuppressant drugs
	Conclusion
	References
Inhaled corticosteroids and lung cancer in COPD: evaluating their role in chemoprevention
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Methods
	RCTs on the effects of ICSs in preventing lung cancer
		Bronchial dysplasia
		Lung nodules
	Clinical studies on the effect of ICSs on the risk of lung cancer in COPD
	Glucocorticoid receptor activation signalling pathway and tumour progression or suppression
		The GR activation signalling pathway in tumour suppression
		The GR activation signalling pathway in tumour progression
	The possible pathophysiological link between COPD and lung cancer
	Potential mechanisms by which ICSs suppress the development of lung cancer
		Anti-inflammation
		Induction of growth arrest/suppression of lung cancer cells
		Suppression of EMT
		Modulation of the airway microbiome
	Future directions and unanswered questions
	Conclusion
	References
Antibiotics for lung disease and cancer
	Abstract
	Introduction
	The risk factors, microbiology and epidemiology of infections in lung cancer
	The interaction between antibiotics, pathogens and the host
	The interaction between antibiotics and cancer treatment
	The impact of the microbiome on carcinogenesis and future research
	References