Lung Development and Regeneration (Lung Biology in Health and Disease)

Front cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 14
Contents......Page 16
Contributors......Page 20
I. Evolution of BPD......Page 24
II. Alveolization in Old and New BPD......Page 26
III. New Alveoli......Page 35
V. Treatment and Prevention......Page 37
References......Page 38
I. Introduction......Page 44
III. Changing Pattern of BPD......Page 45
IV. Animal Models of Postsurfactant BPD......Page 47
V. Impact of Surfactant Replacement on Development of BPD......Page 49
VI. Other Considerations in the Evolution of the New BPD and Its Treatment......Page 51
VII. Epilogue: The New BPD......Page 59
Acknowledgments......Page 60
References......Page 61
I. Introduction......Page 74
II. The Early Years......Page 75
III. A Difficult Diagnosis......Page 77
V. Physiology of COPD......Page 79
VI. Predicting Who Will Develop Severe Disease......Page 80
VII. A Reproducible Standard for Establishing Airflow Limitation......Page 81
IX. Recognition of COPD......Page 82
XI. Improving Diagnosis......Page 83
XII. The Future......Page 85
XIII. Summary and Conclusions......Page 86
References......Page 87
I. Introduction......Page 90
II. Site of Airway Obstruction......Page 93
III. Pathology of Airway Disease......Page 94
IV. Chronic Bronchitis and Small Airway Obstruction......Page 95
V. Leukocyte Traffic in the Lung......Page 98
VI. Innate and Adaptive Immune Response......Page 105
VII. Summary and Interpretation......Page 111
References......Page 113
5 Alveolar and Bronchiolar Inflammation in COPD......Page 122
I. Inflammatory Changes in Established COPD......Page 123
II. Inflammatory Changes in Severe COPD......Page 128
III. Potential Reversibility of Inflammatory Changes in COPD......Page 131
References......Page 132
I. Introduction......Page 138
II. Bronchodilators and Airway Hyperreactivity......Page 139
III. Hypoxemia and Oxygen Supplementation......Page 142
IV. Airway Inflammation and Corticosteroid Therapy......Page 147
V. Infection and the Use of Antimicrobials in COPD......Page 152
VI. Cigarette Smoking and Nicotine Dependence......Page 155
References......Page 159
I. Introduction......Page 172
II. Using Retinoids to Treat Emphysema......Page 175
III. Clinical Availability and Experience......Page 176
IV. Evaluating Different Retinoic Acid Derivatives......Page 178
V. Early-Phase Clinical Trials: Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria......Page 180
VI. Clinical Trial Goals and Outcome Measures......Page 182
VII. Initial Clinical Trials......Page 194
References......Page 198
I. Introduction......Page 208
II. Principles of Differential Display......Page 209
III. Materials and Methods......Page 211
IV. Discussion......Page 217
References......Page 218
I. Introduction......Page 220
II. Experimental Platform: To Spot or Not to Spot?......Page 221
III. Experimental Design: Where Are the Variables?......Page 223
IV. Supervised Training/Test Study......Page 224
V. Time Series Study (Temporal Cause/Effect)......Page 225
VI. Data Warehouse Design......Page 229
VII. Technical Variables: Where is the Noise?......Page 232
VIII. Data Visualization and Statistical Analyses......Page 235
References......Page 237
10 Plasticity of Circulating Adult Stem Cells......Page 240
I. Classic Stem Cell Concepts......Page 241
II. Plasticity of Differentiated Adult Cells Other than BMDC......Page 244
III. Identification of Hematopoietic and Other Types of Stem Cells......Page 245
IV. Tissue-Associated Adult Stem Cells......Page 247
V. Criteria for Establishing Cell Fate Changes......Page 250
VI. Plasticity: Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Contributing to Adult Tissues In Vivo......Page 252
VII. Potential Mechanisms of Stem Cell Plasticity......Page 258
VIII. What is a Stem Cell and How Do BMDC Expand Classic Stem Cell Concepts?......Page 259
References......Page 261
I. Introduction......Page 270
II. Embryonic Development of the Lung......Page 271
III. Mechanochemical Model of Lung Development......Page 283
Acknowledgments......Page 286
References......Page 287
I. Introduction......Page 298
II. Prenatal Lung Development: Embryonic Period (1–7 Weeks)......Page 300
III. Prenatal Lung Development: Fetal Lung Development (5 Weeks to Term)......Page 304
IV. Postnatal Lung Development......Page 317
V. Growth of the Lung......Page 331
References......Page 333
I. Introduction......Page 342
II. Lungfish (Dipnoi) Lungs......Page 344
III. Amphibian Lung......Page 347
IV. Reptilian Lung......Page 354
V. Avian Lung......Page 360
References......Page 370
14 Lung Branching Morphogenesis: Potential for Regeneration of Small Conducting Airways......Page 378
I. Early Lung Development......Page 379
II. Branching Morphogenesis......Page 382
III. Epithelial Differentiation......Page 385
IV. Alveolar Development......Page 387
V. Vascular Development......Page 390
VI. Pneumonectomy and Airway Regeneration......Page 393
VII. Stem Cells and Airway Regeneration......Page 394
References......Page 399
I. Introduction......Page 418
II. Apoptosis......Page 419
IV. Lung Structure Maintenance Program (Fig. 2)......Page 421
V. Alveolar Septal Cell Apoptosis in Human Lungs and Experimental Animals......Page 422
VII. Steroid Hormone-Induced Emphysema......Page 425
VIII. Summary and Conclusion......Page 427
References......Page 428
I. Introduction......Page 434
II. Traditional Animal Models of Emphysema......Page 435
III. Genetic Engineering and Mouse Models of Emphysema......Page 439
IV. Transgenic/Gain-of-Function Models of Air Space Enlargement......Page 441
V. Loss-of-Function Models of Air Space Enlargement......Page 442
VI. Conclusions and Future Directions......Page 451
References......Page 452
I. Introduction......Page 456
II. Quantitating Alveoli and Alveolar Dimensions......Page 457
III. Alveolus Formation......Page 458
IV. Glucocorticosteroid Hormones and Alveolus Formation......Page 459
V. Retinoids and Alveolus Formation: Guilt by Association......Page 460
VI. Age and Gender Matter in Pulmonary Alveolar Architecture, Turnover, and the Concomitant Decline of Lung Function......Page 463
VII. Sexual Alveolar Architectural Dimorphism......Page 466
VIII. Endogenous Programs of Alveolar Destruction and Regeneration......Page 467
References......Page 469
I. Introduction......Page 478
II. Background and Mechanisms for Inducing Postpneumonectomy Compensatory Lung Growth......Page 479
III. Biochemical and Morphological Analysis......Page 482
IV. Molecular Responses to Pneumonectomy......Page 486
V. Models to Augment or Inhibit the Growth Response......Page 493
VII. Conclusion......Page 498
References......Page 499
19 Pulmonary Limitations to Exercise Performance: The Effects of Healthy Ageing and COPD......Page 506
I. Limitations in the Young Healthy Adult......Page 507
II. Limitations in Healthy Ageing......Page 511
III. Exercise Limitation in COPD......Page 524
References......Page 538
I. Introduction......Page 548
III. Interspecies Comparisons: Pulmonary Diffusion......Page 550
IV. Interspecies Comparisons: Pulmonary Convection in Normoxia and Hypoxia......Page 556
V. Pulmonary Diffusion and Convection with Sustained Changes in Metabolic Rate......Page 558
VI. Alveolar–Capillary O2 Pressure Gradient......Page 574
VII. Interpretations......Page 578
VIII. Concluding Remarks......Page 581
References......Page 582
Index......Page 596
Back cover......Page 618