Lung Biology in Health & Disease Volume 200 Functional Lung Imaging

Front cover......Page 1
Introduction......Page 16
Foreword......Page 18
Preface......Page 22
Contributors......Page 24
Contents......Page 28
Part I: Introduction......Page 38
I. Introduction......Page 40
II. Chest Radiography......Page 41
III. Fluoroscopy......Page 42
IV. Angiography......Page 43
V. Pulmonary Function Tests......Page 44
References......Page 46
Part II: Computed Tomography......Page 48
Computed Tomography: Introduction to CT Imaging......Page 50
II. Image Acquisition......Page 51
III. Image Visualization and Postprocessing......Page 54
IV. Image Analysis......Page 59
References......Page 65
CT Ventilation Imaging: Technical Background and Impact in Acute Lung Injury and ARDS Management......Page 70
I. Introduction......Page 71
II. ARDS Morphology......Page 72
III. Time Evolution......Page 74
IV. Quantitative CT Analysis......Page 76
V. Physiological Insight......Page 82
VII. CT Scan and Abdominal Pressure......Page 91
VIII. Clinical Use of the CT Scan......Page 92
References......Page 93
I. Introduction......Page 100
II. Parenchymal Mechanics......Page 101
III. Interaction Between Airways and Parenchyma......Page 103
IV. Malacia of Airways......Page 106
VI. Gravitational Effects......Page 108
VII. Anterior–Posterior Gradients in Imaging......Page 109
VIII. Differences Between Supine and Prone Posture......Page 110
IX. “Air Trapping”......Page 112
X. Parenchymal Mechanics in Different Lung Diseases......Page 113
XI. Diaphragm and Chest Wall......Page 115
References......Page 120
Pulmonary CT Angiography......Page 124
I. Introduction......Page 125
II. Acquisition Technique......Page 126
III. Contrast Material Injection......Page 133
V. Image Evaluation and Postprocessing......Page 135
VI. Acute Pulmonary Thromboembolism......Page 137
VII. Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension......Page 157
VIII. Other Causes of Pulmonary Hypertension......Page 162
IX. Arteriovenous Shunting......Page 163
X. Pulmonary Aneurysms......Page 166
XI. Vasculitis......Page 168
XII. Tumors Involving the Pulmonary Vessels......Page 169
XIII. Summary......Page 171
References......Page 172
Part III: Magnetic Resonance......Page 178
I. Introduction......Page 180
II. Basic Physics......Page 181
V. Arterial Spin Labeling......Page 184
VII. Hyperpolarized Noble Gas MRI......Page 186
References......Page 187
Noble Gas Ventilation Imaging Using......Page 188
Dynamic Imaging of Lung Ventilation with Hyperpolarized Gas MRI......Page 198
II. MRI Methodology......Page 199
III. Quantitative Evaluation......Page 207
IV. Clinical Applications......Page 208
V. Dynamic Imaging Using Proton MRI......Page 212
References......Page 214
Oxygen-Enhanced Ventilation Imaging......Page 218
II. Paramagnetic Properties of Oxygen......Page 219
III. Prerequisites for Oxygen-Enhanced Imaging......Page 221
IV. Implementation......Page 223
V. Healthy Volunteer Studies and Experimental Optimizations......Page 227
VI. Potential Clinical Applications......Page 229
VII. Oxygen-Enhanced Imaging at 3.0 T......Page 242
References......Page 243
I. Introduction......Page 248
II. Magnetic Resonance Angiography......Page 249
III. Direct Thrombus Imaging......Page 254
References......Page 257
I. Introduction......Page 262
III. Basics of Quantitative Assessment of Pulmonary Perfusion Imaging......Page 264
IV. Animal Studies of Contrast-Enhanced MR Perfusion Imaging......Page 266
V. In Vivo Study of Contrast-Enhanced MR Perfusion Imaging......Page 267
VI. Limitations of Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MR Perfusion Imaging......Page 271
VII. Conclusions......Page 272
References......Page 273
Proton Perfusion Imaging......Page 278
II. Blood Flow and MR Signal......Page 279
III. Perfusion Imaging with HASTE......Page 284
IV. Signal Change in HASTE with Cardiac Gating......Page 290
V. Clinical Applications......Page 295
References......Page 299
I. Introduction......Page 304
II. Intravascular Xenon-129 Imaging......Page 305
III. Intravascular Helium-3 Imaging......Page 311
IV. Intravascular Carbon-13 Imaging......Page 316
V. Applications of Intravascular Polarized Imaging Agents......Page 317
References......Page 321
I. Introduction......Page 324
II. Proton MR Imaging......Page 326
III. Hyperpolarized Gas Imaging......Page 330
He Ventilation Imaging......Page 332
V. Indirect Measure of Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio by the Assessment of Alveolar Oxygen......Page 333
References......Page 337
I. Introduction......Page 340
II. Background......Page 341
III. ADC Measurements in Human Subjects......Page 350
IV. Conclusion......Page 358
References......Page 359
I. Introduction......Page 362
II. Basic Physiology of Regional Oxygen Balance......Page 364
III. Methods Based on Hyperpolarized Helium-3......Page 366
IV. Methods Based on Fluorine-19......Page 373
V. Comparison of Methods......Page 380
Acknowledgments......Page 386
References......Page 387
Part IV: Nuclear Medicine......Page 392
PET Imaging of Infection and Inflammatory Lung Disease......Page 394
III. FDG-PET Imaging in Infection and Inflammation......Page 395
IV. PET Advantages over Traditional Nuclear Medicine Techniques in the Evaluation of Lung Infection and Inflammation......Page 396
V. Potential Clinical Applications......Page 397
VII. Differentiating Between Malignant and Inflammatory Processes......Page 403
VIII. Conclusions......Page 404
References......Page 405
I. Investigation of Pulmonary Nodules......Page 410
II. What is the Current Diagnostic Approach in Lung Nodules?......Page 411
III. Role of FDG-PET in SPN......Page 412
IV. Dual-Time Point Imaging for Differentiating Benign from Malignant Nodules......Page 415
V. Effects of Partial Volume Correction on Accurate Measurement of SUV......Page 417
VIII. Role of Somatostatin Scintigraphy in SPN......Page 419
References......Page 421
Part V: Clinical Imaging......Page 424
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)......Page 426
I. Definition......Page 427
II. Radiologic Findings......Page 429
III. CT Scan Protocols......Page 434
IV. Pulmonary or Extrapulmonary ARDS......Page 436
V. Basic Concepts of Therapy and Potential Complications......Page 437
VII. Long-Term CT Findings......Page 439
VIII. Deeper Insights in ARDS and Mechanical Ventilation by Functional CT......Page 440
IX. Alternative to Radiological Imaging: Electrical Impedance Tomography......Page 444
X. Conclusion......Page 445
References......Page 446
I. Introduction......Page 450
II. Diagnosis of Asthma......Page 451
III. Treatment of Asthma......Page 452
V. Hyperpolarized Noble Gas MR Imaging......Page 454
VI. Hyperpolarized Helium-3 MR of Untreated Asthma......Page 456
VII. Hyperpolarized Helium-3 MR Following Provocation of Asthma......Page 457
VIII. Hyperpolarized Helium-3 MR Following Treatment of Asthma......Page 461
IX. Summary......Page 462
References......Page 463
I. Introduction......Page 468
III. Quantification of Emphysema from Pathologic Specimens......Page 469
IV. CT Methodology for Detecting Emphysema......Page 470
V. Relationship Between CT Detected Emphysema and Pathologically Defined Emphysema......Page 471
VII. Role of CT in LVRS......Page 473
VIII. Prediction of Outcome......Page 474
IX. CT Volumes as an Outcome or Correlate with Outcomes......Page 482
References......Page 483
Emphysema/Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency......Page 490
II. Plain Radiography Findings......Page 491
III. Computed Tomography Findings......Page 492
IV. Scintigraphy Findings......Page 499
V. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings......Page 504
References......Page 505
Pulmonary Embolism......Page 516
II. Etiology......Page 517
III. Prognosis......Page 519
IV. Therapy......Page 521
V. Diagnostic Strategies......Page 522
References......Page 529
I. Introduction......Page 536
II. Etiology......Page 537
III. Prognosis and Natural History......Page 538
V. Signs......Page 539
VI. Laboratory Studies......Page 540
VII. Echocardiography......Page 541
VIII. Operation: Pulmonary Thromboendarterectomy......Page 545
References......Page 547
Sleep Apnea......Page 550
I. Introduction......Page 551
II. Normal Upper Airway Anatomy......Page 552
III. Upper Airway Imaging Modalities......Page 553
IV. Upper Airway Imaging Studies Examining the Pathogenesis of Obstructive Sleep......Page 562
V. Insights into the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep with Upper Airway Imaging......Page 573
VI. Imaging of the Upper Airway in Children......Page 578
VII. Clinical Utility of Upper Airway Imaging......Page 583
References......Page 584
I. Introduction......Page 596
II. Definition of SPN......Page 597
III. Differential Diagnosis of the SPN......Page 598
IV. Morphologic Evaluation of SPNs......Page 599
References......Page 613
I. Introduction......Page 618
III. CF Pathophysiology......Page 619
IV. Predicting Natural History in CF......Page 620
V. Radiography......Page 621
VI. Conclusions......Page 626
References......Page 627
Lung Transplantation: Radiographic Considerations......Page 630
II. Screening of Transplant Candidates......Page 631
III. Complications in the Transplant Recipient......Page 634
References......Page 652
Index......Page 658
Back cover......Page 686