Lung Biology in Health and Disease Volume 204 Air Pollutants and the Respiratory Tract, Second Edition

Introduction......Page 14
Preface......Page 16
Contributors......Page 20
Contents......Page 24
I. Introduction......Page 30
II. What Have Epidemiologic Studies Taught Us?......Page 31
References......Page 41
I. Introduction......Page 50
II. Structure of the Respiratory Tract......Page 51
III. Particle Deposition in the Respiratory Tract......Page 53
IV. Particle Clearance and Translocation from the Respiratory Tract......Page 70
Table 1......Page 71
V. Summary......Page 84
Acknowledgments......Page 85
References......Page 86
I. Introduction......Page 104
II. Regional Composition of PM and Associated Health Outcomes......Page 105
Table 1......Page 106
Table 2......Page 107
Table 3......Page 108
Table 4......Page 109
III. Composition and Characteristics of PM Determine Bioavailability......Page 110
IV. Bioavailability of PM and Links to Pulmonary Injury......Page 117
V. Bioavailability of PM and Links to Cardiovascular Effects......Page 130
VI. Summary......Page 141
References......Page 142
I. Introduction......Page 164
II. Classic Genetic Models......Page 165
III. Genetically Modified Mice......Page 175
Table 1......Page 176
IV. Conclusion......Page 178
References......Page 179
I. Introduction......Page 186
II. Nasal Passages......Page 187
Table 1......Page 188
V. Respiratory Bronchioles......Page 189
VII. Functions of the Epithelium......Page 193
VIII. Epithelial Cell Metabolism......Page 195
IX. Epithelial Surfaces, Air Pollutants, and Lung Disease......Page 198
References......Page 211
I. Introduction......Page 224
II. Sensory Innervation of the Airways......Page 225
III. CNS Integration......Page 232
IV. Autonomic Nerves......Page 233
V. Airway and Cardiovascular Responses Initiated by Airway Mucosal Sensory Nerves......Page 235
VI. Neurologically Mediated Responses to Air Pollutants......Page 236
VII. Summary......Page 248
References......Page 249
I. Introduction......Page 262
II. Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Spcecies in Particle-Induced Lung Disease......Page 265
III. Inflammation and Induction of Proinflammatory Mediators......Page 266
Table 1......Page 267
Table 2......Page 270
IV. PM-Induced Airway Fibrotic Reactions......Page 272
V. PM-Induced Airway Epithelial Cell Growth and Differentiation......Page 276
VI. Summary......Page 279
References......Page 280
I. Introduction......Page 288
II. Standards, Origin, and Sources......Page 293
Table 1......Page 294
Table 2......Page 298
III. Health Effects Related to Chronic Exposure to Oxidant Air Pollutants......Page 300
IV. Exposure and Deposition as Susceptibility Factors for Health Effects Related to Chronic Exposures......Page 303
V. Evidence for Health Effects Associated with Chronic Exposure to Oxidant Air Pollutants......Page 308
Table 3......Page 312
Table 4......Page 314
Table 5......Page 316
VI. Summary and Conclusions......Page 319
References......Page 320
I. Introduction......Page 332
II. Occupational Lung Diseases......Page 334
III. Crystalline Silica......Page 337
IV. Poorly Soluble Particulate Matter......Page 340
Table 1......Page 344
V. Conclusions......Page 352
References......Page 353
I. Introduction......Page 358
III. Definitions......Page 359
Table 1......Page 360
IV. Overview of Diseases Related to Bioaerosol Exposure......Page 361
Table 2......Page 362
Table 3......Page 368
V. Important Environmental Reservoirs......Page 370
VI. Measurements......Page 371
VII. Control......Page 372
VIII. Conclusions......Page 373
References......Page 374
I. Introduction......Page 386
II. Combustion Emissions: Source Characterization, Ambient Source Apportionment, and Exposure......Page 387
Table 1......Page 392
Table 2......Page 394
III. Biomarkers of Exposure, Dose, Susceptibility, and Risk to Air Pollution and Combustion Emissions......Page 404
IV. Summary......Page 410
References......Page 411
I. Historical Background......Page 434
II. Public Perceptions of Air Pollution......Page 435
III. Measured Impacts of Airborne Particulate Matter on Public Health......Page 437
Table 1......Page 439
Table 2......Page 446
IV. Standards and Guidelines to Protect Ambient Air Quality......Page 451
V. Benefits and Costs of the CAA......Page 456
Table 3......Page 459
Table 4......Page 461
Table 5......Page 462
Table 6......Page 464
VI. Unresolved Issues......Page 465
VII. Summary......Page 468
References......Page 469
Index......Page 472
Back cover......Page 478