Lubricants and Lubricant Additives

Explanatory Notes 5 1. Introduction and Overview of the Lubricant Industry 11 -1.1 Introduction 11 -1.2 Overview of the lubricant industry 12 2. Overview of Lubricants and their Additives 19 -2.1 Introduction 19 -2.2 Lubricant base fluids 20 -2.3 Additives24 -2.4 Lubricant categories 32 3. Release during Formulation of Additive Packages€40 -3.1 General 40 -3.2 The blending process 40 4. Composition of Lubricants in Use 42 -4.1 Introduction 42 -4.2 Automotive 42 -4.3 Hydraulic fluids 44 -4.4 Metalworking (cutting) fluids 47 5. Releases during Formulation of Lubricants 56 -5.1 General 56 -5.2 Emissions from plant during the blending process €57 -5.3 Summary 71 6. Automotive Lubricants and Additives 72 -6.1 Possible losses during use 72 -6.2 Frequency of dosage/renewal€72 -6.3 Form in which lubricant is discharged 73 -6.4 Concentration of chemical in discharge 76 -6.5 Volume of discharge --
fate in environment 76 -6.6 On-site waste treatment€79 -6.7 Example release calculation 79 7. Hydraulic Fluids and Additives 81 -7.1 Losses during use 81 -7.2 Frequency of dosage 81 -7.3 Form in which lubricant is discharged 83 -7.4 Concentration of chemical in discharge 83 -7.5 Volume of discharge 84 -7.6 On-site waste treatment€86 -7.7 Example release calculation€ 88 8. Metalworking Fluids and Additives 89 -8.1 Losses during use 89 -8.2 Frequency of dosage 90 -8.3 Form in which lubricant is discharged€91 -8.4 Concentration of chemical in discharge 92 -8.5 Volume of discharge€93 -8.6 Waste treatment for metal working fluids 96 -8.7 Example release calculations 99 9. Recycling of Lubricants 101 -9.1 Introduction101 -9.2 Recycling processes 102 -9.3 General comments 105 -9.4 Recycling of automotive crankcase lubricants 105 -9.5 Recycling of hydraulic fluids 106 -9.6 Recycling of cutting oils 107 10. References€109 -Table D1. Emission factors for crankcase oils and additives due to leakage 117 -Table D2. Vehicle flows by road class 117.