LTE - The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From Theory to Practice, Second Edition

LTE – The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From Theory to Practice......Page 5
Contents......Page 9
Editors\' Biographies......Page 23
List of Contributors......Page 25
Foreword......Page 29
Preface......Page 31
Acknowledgements......Page 33
List of Acronyms......Page 35
1.1.1 Historical Context......Page 43
1.1.2 LTE in the Mobile Radio Landscape......Page 44
1.1.3 The Standardization Process in 3GPP......Page 47
1.2.1 System Performance Requirements......Page 49
1.2.2 Deployment Cost and Interoperability......Page 54
1.3.1 Multicarrier Technology......Page 56
1.3.2 Multiple Antenna Technology......Page 57
1.3.3 Packet-Switched Radio Interface......Page 58
1.3.4 User Equipment Categories......Page 59
1.3.5 From the First LTE Release to LTE-Advanced......Page 61
1.4 From Theory to Practice......Page 62
References......Page 63
Part I Network Architecture and Protocols......Page 65
2.1 Introduction......Page 67
2.2 Overall Architectural Overview......Page 68
2.2.1 The Core Network......Page 69
2.2.2 The Access Network......Page 72
2.2.3 Roaming Architecture......Page 73
2.3.1 User Plane......Page 74
2.3.2 Control Plane......Page 75
2.4 Quality of Service and EPS Bearers......Page 76
2.4.1 Bearer Establishment Procedure......Page 79
2.4.2 Inter-Working with other RATs......Page 80
2.5 The E-UTRAN Network Interfaces: S1 Interface......Page 82
2.5.1 Protocol Structure over S1......Page 83
2.5.3 Context Management over S1......Page 85
2.5.5 Paging over S1......Page 86
2.5.6 Mobility over S1......Page 87
2.5.7 Load Management over S1......Page 89
2.5.9 Delivery of Warning Messages......Page 90
2.6.2 Initiation over X2......Page 91
2.6.3 Mobility over X2......Page 93
2.6.5 UE Historical Information Over X2......Page 96
References......Page 97
3.1 Introduction......Page 99
3.2.1 Introduction......Page 100
3.2.2 System Information......Page 101
3.2.3 Connection Control within LTE......Page 105
3.2.4 Connected Mode Inter-RAT Mobility......Page 115
3.2.5 Measurements......Page 117
3.3.1 Introduction......Page 120
3.3.3 Cell Selection......Page 121
3.3.4 Cell Reselection......Page 122
3.4 Paging......Page 126
References......Page 128
4.1 Introduction to the User Plane Protocol Stack......Page 129
4.2.1 Functions and Architecture......Page 131
4.2.2 Header Compression......Page 132
4.2.3 Security......Page 134
4.2.4 Handover......Page 135
4.2.5 Discard of Data Packets......Page 137
4.2.6 PDCP PDU Formats......Page 139
4.3 Radio Link Control (RLC)......Page 140
4.3.1 RLC Entities......Page 141
4.3.2 RLC PDU Formats......Page 147
4.4.1 MAC Architecture......Page 150
4.4.2 MAC Functions......Page 153
References......Page 162
Part II Physical Layer for Downlink......Page 163
5.1 Introduction......Page 165
5.1.1 History of OFDM Development......Page 166
5.2.1 Orthogonal Multiplexing Principle......Page 167
5.2.2 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio and Sensitivity to Non-Linearity......Page 173
5.2.3 Sensitivity to Carrier Frequency Offset and Time-Varying Channels......Page 175
5.2.4 Timing Offset and Cyclic Prefix Dimensioning......Page 177
5.3 OFDMA......Page 179
5.4 Parameter Dimensioning......Page 181
5.4.1 Physical Layer Parameters for LTE......Page 182
References......Page 184
6.2 Transmission Resource Structure......Page 187
6.3 Signal Structure......Page 190
6.4 Introduction to Downlink Operation......Page 191
References......Page 192
7.2 Synchronization Sequences and Cell Search in LTE......Page 193
7.2.1 Zadoff…Chu Sequences......Page 197
7.2.2 Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) Sequences......Page 199
7.2.3 Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) Sequences......Page 200
7.3 Coherent Versus Non-Coherent Detection......Page 203
References......Page 205
8.1 Introduction......Page 207
8.2 Design of Reference Signals in the LTE Downlink......Page 209
8.2.1 Cell-Specific Reference Signals......Page 210
8.2.3 UE-Specific Reference Signals in Release 9......Page 213
8.3 RS-Aided Channel Modelling and Estimation......Page 216
8.3.1 Time-Frequency-Domain Correlation: The WSSUS Channel Model......Page 217
8.3.2 Spatial-Domain Correlation: The Kronecker Model......Page 218
8.4.1 Channel Estimate Interpolation......Page 220
8.4.2 General Approach to Linear Channel Estimation......Page 221
8.4.3 Performance Comparison......Page 222
8.5 Time-Domain Channel Estimation......Page 223
8.5.1 Finite and Infinite Length MMSE......Page 224
8.6 Spatial-Domain Channel Estimation......Page 226
8.7 Advanced Techniques......Page 227
References......Page 228
9.2.1 Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)......Page 231
9.2.2 Physical Downlink Shared CHannel (PDSCH)......Page 234
9.3.1 Requirements for Control Channel Design......Page 238
9.3.3 Physical Control Format Indicator CHannel (PCFICH)......Page 240
9.3.4 Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)......Page 242
9.3.5 Physical Downlink Control CHannel (PDCCH)......Page 244
9.3.6 PDCCH Scheduling Process......Page 254
References......Page 256
10.1 Introduction......Page 257
10.2 Link Adaptation and CQI Feedback......Page 259
10.2.1 CQI Feedback in LTE......Page 260
10.3.1 Theoretical Aspects of Channel Coding......Page 265
10.3.2 Channel Coding for Data Channels in LTE......Page 274
10.3.3 Channel Coding for Control Channels in LTE......Page 286
10.4 Conclusions......Page 287
References......Page 288
11.1.1 Overview......Page 291
11.1.2 MIMO Signal Model......Page 294
11.1.3 Single-User MIMO Techniques......Page 295
11.1.4 Multi-User MIMO Techniques......Page 300
11.2 MIMO Schemes in LTE......Page 304
11.2.1 Practical Considerations......Page 305
11.2.2 Single-User Schemes......Page 306
11.2.3 Multi-User MIMO......Page 316
11.3 Summary......Page 318
References......Page 319
12.1 Introduction......Page 321
12.2 General Considerations for Resource Allocation Strategies......Page 322
12.3.1 Ergodic Capacity......Page 325
12.3.2 Delay-Limited Capacity......Page 327
12.4 Considerations for Resource Scheduling in LTE......Page 328
12.5 Interference Coordination and Frequency Reuse......Page 329
12.5.2 Inter-eNodeB Signalling to Support Uplink Frequency-Domain ICIC in LTE......Page 332
12.6 Summary......Page 333
References......Page 334
13.2 Broadcast Modes......Page 335
13.3.2 Content Provision......Page 337
13.3.4 Radio Access Network – E-UTRAN/UTRAN/GERAN and UE......Page 338
13.4.1 Physical Layer Aspects......Page 339
13.4.2 MBSFN Areas......Page 343
13.5.2 UE Capabilities and Service Prioritization......Page 345
13.6.1 Protocol Architecture......Page 346
13.6.2 Session Start Signalling......Page 347
13.6.3 Radio Resource Control (RRC) Signalling Aspects......Page 348
13.6.4 Content Synchronization......Page 350
13.6.5 Counting Procedure......Page 352
13.8.1 Delivery by Cellular Networks......Page 354
13.8.3 Services and Applications......Page 355
References......Page 356
Part III Physical Layer for Uplink......Page 357
14.1 Introduction......Page 359
14.2.2 Time-Domain Signal Generation......Page 360
14.2.3 Frequency-Domain Signal Generation (DFT-S-OFDM)......Page 362
14.3.1 Transmit Processing for LTE......Page 363
14.3.2 SC-FDMA Parameters for LTE......Page 364
14.3.4 Pulse Shaping......Page 366
14.4 Summary......Page 367
References......Page 368
15.1 Introduction......Page 369
15.2 RS Signal Sequence Generation......Page 370
15.2.2 Orthogonal RS via Cyclic Time-Shifts of a Base Sequence......Page 372
15.3.1 Sequence-Group Hopping......Page 374
15.4 Cyclic Shift Hopping......Page 375
15.5 Demodulation Reference Signals (DM-RS)......Page 377
15.6.2 Duration and Periodicity of SRS Transmissions......Page 379
15.6.3 SRS Symbol Structure......Page 380
15.7 Summary......Page 382
References......Page 383
16.1 Introduction......Page 385
16.2 Physical Uplink Shared Data Channel Structure......Page 386
16.2.1 Scheduling on PUSCH......Page 387
16.2.2 PUSCH Transport Block Sizes......Page 389
16.3.1 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) Structure......Page 390
16.3.2 Types of Control Signalling Information and PUCCH Formats......Page 394
16.3.3 Channel State Information Transmission on PUCCH (Format 2)......Page 395
16.3.4 Multiplexing of CSI and HARQ ACK/NACK from a UE on PUCCH......Page 397
16.3.5 HARQ ACK/NACK Transmission on PUCCH (Format 1a/1b)......Page 398
16.3.7 Scheduling Request (SR) Transmission on PUCCH (Format 1)......Page 405
16.4 Multiplexing of Control Signalling and UL-SCH Data on PUSCH......Page 407
16.6.1 Closed-Loop Switched Antenna Diversity......Page 409
16.6.2 Multi-User \'Virtual\' MIMO or SDMA......Page 410
References......Page 411
17.2 Random Access Usage and Requirements in LTE......Page 413
17.3 Random Access Procedure......Page 414
17.3.1 Contention-Based Random Access Procedure......Page 415
17.4.1 Multiplexing of PRACH with PUSCH and PUCCH......Page 418
17.4.2 The PRACH Structure......Page 419
17.4.3 Preamble Sequence Theory and Design......Page 427
17.5 PRACH Implementation......Page 438
17.5.1 UE Transmitter......Page 439
17.5.2 eNodeB PRACH Receiver......Page 440
17.6.1 Preamble Format 4......Page 446
17.7 Concluding Remarks......Page 447
References......Page 448
18.2.1 Overview......Page 449
18.2.2 Timing Advance Procedure......Page 450
18.3.1 Overview......Page 453
18.3.2 Detailed Power Control Behaviour......Page 454
18.3.3 UE Power Headroom Reporting......Page 461
References......Page 462
Part IV Practical Deployment Aspects......Page 463
19.1 Introduction......Page 465
19.2 Assisted Global Navigation Satellite System (A-GNSS) Positioning......Page 467
19.3 Observed Time Difference Of Arrival (OTDOA) Positioning......Page 468
19.3.1 Positioning Reference Signals (PRS)......Page 469
19.3.2 OTDOA Performance and Practical Considerations......Page 472
19.4.2 Enhanced CID Positioning using Round Trip Time and UE Receive Level Measurements......Page 473
19.4.3 Enhanced CID Positioning using Round Trip Time and Angle of Arrival......Page 474
19.5 LTE Positioning Protocols......Page 475
19.6 Summary and Future Techniques......Page 477
References......Page 478
20.1 Introduction......Page 479
20.2 SISO and SIMO Channel Models......Page 480
20.2.1 ITU Channel Model......Page 481
20.2.3 Extended ITU Models......Page 482
20.3 MIMO Channel Models......Page 483
20.3.1 SCM Channel Model......Page 484
20.3.2 SCM-Extension Channel Model......Page 486
20.3.3 WINNER Model......Page 487
20.3.4 LTE Evaluation Model......Page 488
20.3.5 Extended ITU Models with Spatial Correlation......Page 490
20.3.6 ITU Channel Models for IMT-Advanced......Page 491
20.3.7 Comparison of MIMO Channel Models......Page 495
20.4.2 Future Testing Challenges......Page 496
References......Page 497
21.1 Introduction......Page 499
21.2 Frequency Bands and Arrangements......Page 501
21.3.1 Requirements for the Intended Transmissions......Page 504
21.3.2 Requirements for Unwanted Emissions......Page 509
21.3.3 Power Amplifier Considerations......Page 513
21.4.1 Receiver General Requirements......Page 516
21.4.2 Transmit Signal Leakage......Page 517
21.4.3 Maximum Input Level......Page 519
21.4.4 Small Signal Requirements......Page 520
21.4.5 Selectivity and Blocking Specifications......Page 524
21.4.6 Spurious Emissions......Page 530
21.4.7 Intermodulation Requirements......Page 531
21.4.8 Dynamic Range......Page 533
21.5.1 Transmitter RF Impairments......Page 534
21.5.2 Model of the Main RF Impairments......Page 537
21.6 Summary......Page 542
References......Page 543
22.1 Introduction......Page 545
22.2.1 Cell Search within E-UTRAN......Page 547
22.2.2 E-UTRAN to E-UTRAN Cell Global Identifier Reporting Requirements......Page 551
22.2.3 E-UTRAN to UTRAN Cell Search......Page 552
22.2.4 E-UTRAN to GSM Cell Search......Page 553
22.2.5 Enhanced Inter-RAT Measurement Requirements......Page 554
22.3.1 E-UTRAN Measurements......Page 555
22.3.2 UTRAN Measurements......Page 556
22.4 UE Measurement Reporting Mechanisms and Requirements......Page 558
22.4.2 Inter-RAT Event-Triggered Reporting......Page 559
22.5.1 Mobility Performance in RRC_IDLE State......Page 560
22.5.2 Mobility Performance in RRC_CONNECTED State......Page 564
22.6.2 Random Access......Page 567
22.7.1 In-sync and Out-of-sync Thresholds......Page 568
22.7.4 Requirements during Transitions......Page 569
22.8 Concluding Remarks......Page 570
References......Page 571
23.1 Introduction......Page 573
23.2 Duplex Modes......Page 574
23.3 Interference Issues in Unpaired Spectrum......Page 575
23.3.1 Adjacent Carrier Interference Scenarios......Page 577
23.3.2 Summary of Interference Scenarios......Page 585
23.4.1 Accommodation of Transmit–Receive Switching......Page 586
23.4.2 Coexistence between Dissimilar Systems......Page 589
23.4.3 HARQ and Control Signalling for TDD Operation......Page 590
23.4.4 Half-Duplex FDD (HD-FDD) Physical Layer Operation......Page 593
23.5 Reciprocity......Page 594
23.5.1 Conditions for Reciprocity......Page 596
23.5.2 Applications of Reciprocity......Page 600
23.5.3 Summary of Reciprocity Considerations......Page 603
References......Page 604
24.1 Introduction......Page 605
24.2.1 Architecture Overview......Page 606
24.2.2 Functionalities......Page 607
24.2.3 Mobility......Page 608
24.2.4 Local IP Access Support......Page 610
24.3 Interference Management for Femtocell Deployment......Page 611
24.3.1 Interference Scenarios......Page 612
24.4 RF Requirements for Small Cells......Page 616
24.4.1 Transmitter Specifications......Page 617
24.4.2 Receiver Specifications......Page 618
24.4.3 Demodulation Performance Requirements......Page 620
24.4.4 Time Synchronization for TDD Operation......Page 621
References......Page 622
25.1 Introduction......Page 623
25.2.1 Intra-LTE ANRF......Page 624
25.2.3 Inter-RAT or Inter-Frequency ANRF......Page 625
25.3 Self-Configuration of eNodeB and MME......Page 626
25.3.2 Self-Configuration of IP address and X2 interface......Page 627
25.5 Mobility Load Balancing Optimization......Page 629
25.5.1 Intra-LTE Load Exchange......Page 630
25.5.2 Intra-LTE Handover Parameter Optimization......Page 631
25.5.4 Enhanced Inter-RAT Load Exchange......Page 632
25.6.2 Coverage Hole Detection......Page 633
25.6.4 Handover to an Inappropriate Cell......Page 634
25.6.5 MRO Verdict Improvement......Page 635
25.6.7 Unnecessary Inter-RAT Handovers......Page 636
25.7 Random Access CHannel (RACH) Self-Optimization......Page 637
25.8 Energy Saving......Page 638
25.9 Emerging New SON Use Cases......Page 639
References......Page 640
26.2 Factors Contributing to LTE System Capacity......Page 641
26.2.2 Frequency Reuse and Interference Management......Page 642
26.2.4 Semi-Persistent Scheduling......Page 643
26.2.7 Layer 1 and Layer 2 Overhead......Page 644
26.3 LTE Capacity Evaluation......Page 645
26.3.1 Downlink and Uplink Spectral Efficiency......Page 647
26.4 LTE Coverage and Link Budget......Page 650
26.5 Summary......Page 652
References......Page 653
Part V LTE-Advanced......Page 655
27.1 Introduction and Requirements......Page 657
27.2 Overview of the Main Features of LTE-Advanced......Page 660
27.3 Backward Compatibility......Page 661
27.4 Deployment Aspects......Page 662
27.5 UE Categories for LTE-Advanced......Page 663
References......Page 664
28.1 Introduction......Page 665
28.2.1 Initial Acquisition, Connection Establishment and CC Management......Page 666
28.2.2 Measurements and Mobility......Page 667
28.2.3 User Plane Protocols......Page 670
28.3.1 Downlink Control Signalling......Page 673
28.3.2 Uplink Control Signalling......Page 678
28.3.5 Uplink Power Control......Page 684
28.3.6 Uplink Multiple Access Scheme Enhancements......Page 686
28.4.2 UE Receiver Aspects of Carrier Aggregation......Page 690
28.4.3 Prioritized Carrier Aggregation Scenarios......Page 691
References......Page 692
29.1 Downlink Reference Signals......Page 693
29.1.1 Downlink Reference Signals for Demodulation......Page 694
29.1.2 Downlink Reference Signals for Estimation of Channel State Information (CSI-RS)......Page 696
29.2.1 Uplink DeModulation Reference Signals (DM-RS)......Page 699
29.2.2 Sounding Reference Signals (SRSs)......Page 700
29.3.1 Downlink 8-Antenna Transmission......Page 701
29.3.2 Enhanced Downlink Multi-User MIMO......Page 703
29.3.3 Enhanced CSI Feedback......Page 704
29.4.1 Uplink SU-MIMO for PUSCH......Page 708
29.4.2 Uplink Transmit Diversity for PUCCH......Page 710
29.5.1 Cooperative MIMO Schemes and Scenarios......Page 711
References......Page 713
30.1.1 What is Relaying?......Page 715
30.1.2 Characteristics of Relay Nodes......Page 717
30.1.3 Protocol Functionality of Relay Nodes......Page 718
30.1.4 Relevant Deployment Scenarios......Page 719
30.2.1 Relaying Strategies and Benefits......Page 721
30.2.2 Duplex Constraints and Resource Allocation......Page 725
30.3.1 Types of RN......Page 726
30.3.2 Backhaul and Access Resource Sharing......Page 727
30.3.3 Relay Architecture......Page 729
30.3.4 RN Initialization and Configuration......Page 731
30.3.7 RN Security......Page 732
30.3.8 Backhaul Physical Channels......Page 733
30.3.9 Backhaul Scheduling......Page 738
30.3.10 Backhaul HARQ......Page 740
References......Page 741
31.2 Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination......Page 743
31.2.2 Almost Blank Subframes......Page 745
31.2.3 X2 Interface Enhancements for Time-Domain ICIC......Page 747
31.2.4 UE Measurements in Time-Domain ICIC Scenarios......Page 748
31.2.5 RRC Signalling for Restricted Measurements......Page 750
31.2.6 ABS Deployment Considerations......Page 751
31.3 Minimization of Drive Tests......Page 752
31.3.1 Logged MDT......Page 753
31.4 Machine-Type Communications......Page 754
References......Page 756
32.1 LTE-Advanced System Performance......Page 757
32.2 Future Developments......Page 760
References......Page 762
Index......Page 763